E Hoʻōki i ka Hoʻohana ʻana i ke Keleawe Maʻemaʻe no kēia mau Hana 3

Ua lōʻihi ka lilo ʻana o ke keleawe i koho kaulana ma nā ʻoihana—mai nā hale hana a hiki i nā hale—mahalo i kona hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila a me ka wela, a me kona maʻalahi. No nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ia ka mea i koho ʻia no nā uwea uila, nā plumbing, a me nā lako hoʻololi wela, no ka mea hoʻoili maikaʻi ia i ka ikehu a kūpaʻa i ka pala iki. Akā, ʻo ke keleawe maʻemaʻe—i wehewehe ʻia he keleawe me ka maʻemaʻe o 99.3% a ʻoi aku paha—he mau hemahema nui ia e hoʻolilo ai i mea kūpono ʻole no kekahi mau hoʻohana koʻikoʻi. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻepekema mea a me ka maʻalahi o ke komo ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke lilo nei ia i mea maopopo loa ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana me ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i kēia mau hihia e alakaʻi wale aku ai i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, nā ola pōkole, nā pōpilikia palekana, a me ka hoʻonele ʻia o ka pono.

Ke kālele nei kēia ʻatikala i ʻekolu mau wahi koʻikoʻi kahi e pono ai ke pani ʻia ke keleawe maʻemaʻe me nā mea kūpono: nā kaiapuni kai (ʻo ia hoʻi nā paipu wai kai a me nā ʻāpana pili), nā mīkini ʻoihana wela kiʻekiʻe (nā ʻāpana pale wela), a me nā hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana māmā (e like me nā ʻāpana kaʻa a me nā aerospace). No kēlā me kēia o kēia mau noi, e wehewehe mākou i ke kumu e hāʻule ai ke keleawe maʻemaʻe, e hoʻohālikelike iā ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe maikaʻi loa, a wehewehe i nā pono waiwai, palekana, a me ka hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana. Ua hoʻokomo pū mākou i kahi papa hoʻohālikelike kikoʻī e hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a me kona mau koho ʻē aʻe, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻenekinia, nā mea hana, a me nā mea hoʻoholo i kahi kuhikuhi maopopo.

1. Kaiapuni moana

ʻO nā wahi kai kekahi o nā wahi paʻakikī loa no nā mea e ola ai. Ua piha lākou i nā pae paʻakai kiʻekiʻe, ka makū, a me ka ʻike mau ʻia e nā mea ʻino. Aia i loko o ka wai kai nā paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka oxygen, a me nā minelala like ʻole e hoʻoulu ai i nā hopena kemika, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino koke i ka hapa nui o nā metala. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pala i nā wahi akahai, he nui ka hakakā ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i loko o ka wai kai—e lilo ia i koho pilikia a pipiʻi hoʻi no nā paipu wai kai, nā lako moana, a me nā ʻāpana ma waho.

ʻO ka pilikia nui me ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i nā wahi kai, ʻo ia ka maʻalahi o ʻelua ʻano pala: ka pala like a me ka dealloying. Hana ʻia ka pala like ke pane ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe me ka wai kai, e lahilahi mālie ana i ka mea i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. ʻO ka Dealloying—i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "dezincification," ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ka zinc—hiki ke hana ʻia ma muli o nā haumia i loko o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe kalepa. Hoʻopau kēia kaʻina hana i ke ʻano o ka metala, e waiho ana iā ia he palupalu a porous, no laila e maʻalahi ka haki a haki paha. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻoihana hiki i nā paipu keleawe maʻemaʻe i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai kai ke pala ma ka wikiwiki o 0.1 a 0.3 millimeters i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i kahi paipu 10mm-mānoanoa ke hāʻule i loko o 30 mau makahiki—ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o 50-a ʻoi aku mau makahiki i manaʻo ʻia e mau ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana kai.

Ma luna o kēlā, ʻaʻole lawa ka ikaika mechanical o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kai. Pono nā ʻāpana moana e lawelawe i ke kaomi wai kiʻekiʻe, ka hopena o ka nalu, a me nā ukana kūkulu, akā ʻo ka ikaika tensile o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe he 220 a 300 MPa wale nō ke hoʻomehana ʻia. ʻAʻole lawa kēlā ikaika no nā paipu kai a me nā lako moana. ʻO kēia nele o ka ikaika e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o ka pahū ʻana o nā paipu, ke kūlou ʻana a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana o nā ʻāpana, a me nā hemahema weliweli - hiki i nā mea āpau ke hōʻino i ke kaiapuni (e like me ka ʻaila a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​kemika leaks) a me nā hoʻoponopono pipiʻi.

ʻO ke koho maikaʻi loa i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i nā wahi kai, ʻo ia ka cupronickel, kahi hui i hana ʻia me ke keleawe a me ka nickel. Hoʻohui ia i ka conductivity o ke keleawe me ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika o ka nickel i ka pala. ʻO nā hui Cupronickel—ʻo ka maʻamau he 90% keleawe a me 10% nickel, a i ʻole 70% keleawe a me 30% nickel—ua hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia e kūʻē i ka pala o ka wai kai. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou helu pala ma mua o 0.01 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi he 10 a 30 mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe. Loaʻa i kēia mau hui kahi ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe (350 a 450 MPa) a me ka maʻalahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e kūpono ai no nā paipu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu. ʻO ke keleawe alumini kekahi koho maikaʻi; he kūpaʻa loa ia i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka pala o ka wai kai, no laila hana maikaʻi ia no nā bearings moana, nā bushings, a me nā ʻāpana pamu.

ʻO ka US Navy kahi laʻana maoli o kēia hoʻololi. Ua pani ʻo ia i nā paipu keleawe maʻemaʻe me ka cupronickel i loko o kona mau moku a ua hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o 70% o nā kumukūʻai mālama a me ka piʻi ʻana o 50% o ke ola o nā ʻāpana. Ua hoʻomaka pū nā ʻoihana aila ma waho o ka ʻāina e hoʻohana i ka cupronickel no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu wai kai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻololi pinepine i nā paipu a ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka manawa hoʻomaha. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa i kahi hale hana mana kahakai ma Asia i hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu wai keleawe maʻemaʻe ʻekolu mau hemahema paipu i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki. Ua lilo kēia i $2 miliona i ka hale hana no nā hoʻoponopono a me 12 mau lā o ka manawa hoʻomaha i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia.、

2. Nā Mīkini ʻOihana Wela Kiʻekiʻe: Nā ʻĀpana Pale Wela

Pono nā noi ʻoihana wela kiʻekiʻe—e like me nā ʻāpana umu, nā paipu paila, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopau—i nā mea e hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i ka wela nui (pinepine ma luna o 500°C) me ka ʻole o ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou ʻano, ka oxidizing, a i ʻole ka haki ʻana. ʻOiai he maikaʻi ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i ka hoʻokele wela, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no kēia mau wahi ma muli o kona wahi heheʻe haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻonui wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ke ʻano o ka oxidation i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO 1085°C ke kiko heheʻe o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe, kahi mea e kani kiʻekiʻe paha, akā hoʻomaka ia e palupalu a nalowale ka ikaika ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana ma luna o 300°C. Ma 500°C, hāʻule kona ikaika tensile ma mua o ka hapalua, e maʻalahi ai ke hoʻololi ʻia ʻoiai ma lalo o nā ukana kaulike. Eia kekahi, hoʻoheheʻe koke ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 200°C, e hana ana i kahi papa o ke keleawe oxide (CuO) e ʻili maʻalahi. Hōʻike kēia i ka metala hou i ka oxidation hou aʻe, kahi e hoʻonāwaliwali ai i ka mea i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa a alakaʻi i ka hāʻule mua ʻana o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā liner umu keleawe maʻemaʻe i loko o nā wili kila ke hōʻino i loko o 6 a 12 mau mahina, e koi ana i nā hoʻololi pinepine a hoʻopilikia i ka hana ʻana.

ʻO kekahi pilikia me ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe ʻo ia kona coefficient hoʻonui wela kiʻekiʻe (16.5 × 10^-6 no °C). Ke hōʻike ʻia i nā loli wela wikiwiki—e like me nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i loko o ka paila—hoʻonui a ʻūlū nui ke keleawe maʻemaʻe. Hoʻoulu kēia i ke kaumaha wela a me ka nahā. ʻO ka luhi wela ke kumu nui o ka hāʻule ʻana i nā mīkini wela kiʻekiʻe; hoʻonāwaliwali ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu pinepine ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea a hana i nā māwae liʻiliʻi e ulu aʻe i nā mea nui aʻe.

ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe maikaʻi loa i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no nā ʻāpana ʻoihana wela kiʻekiʻe he mau superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel a me ke kila kila. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel, e like me Inconel 600 a me Hastelloy X, e lawelawe i nā mahana a hiki i 1200°C. Loaʻa iā lākou ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka oxidation a me ka luhi wela. Ma 500°C, loaʻa i kēia mau alloys ka ikaika tensile o 600 a 800 MPa—ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ma ka mahana like. ʻO ke kila kila, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā papa austenitic e like me 316L, he koho kūpono loa ia. Hāʻawi ia i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi (a hiki i 800°C) a me ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, e kūpono ai no nā paipu paila a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopau.

Hōʻike ka ʻike o kahi hale hana kemika ʻEulopa i nā pono o kēia kuapo. Ua hoʻohana ka hale hana i nā paipu hoʻololi wela keleawe maʻemaʻe i loko o kāna ʻōnaehana reactor wela kiʻekiʻe, kahi e pono ai ke hoʻololi ʻia i kēlā me kēia 8 mahina. Ma hope o ke kuapo ʻana i nā paipu Inconel 600, ua mau nā mea hoʻololi wela no 5 mau makahiki—e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai mālama ma 80% a hoʻopau i ka downtime i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia. Pēlā nō, ua pani kahi hale hana puhi ʻōpala i nā ʻāpana hoʻopau keleawe maʻemaʻe me ke kila kila 316L, e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi ma 60% a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono hana.

3. Nā Hoʻohana Kūkulu Māmā: Nā ʻĀpana Kaʻa a me nā ʻĀpana Aerospace

Ke nānā nui nei nā ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā aerospace i ka hoʻomāmā ʻana i nā huahana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka wahie, hoʻēmi i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a hoʻonui i ka hana. ʻO kēlā me kēia kilokani i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa a mokulele paha e unuhi ʻia i ka mālama nui ʻana i ka wahie i kona ola. Akā, he mea paʻa ke keleawe maʻemaʻe (8.96 g/cm³), ʻo ia hoʻi he koho maikaʻi ʻole ia no nā ʻāpana kūkulu māmā kahi e lilo ai ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha i mea nui loa. Eia kekahi, ua haʻahaʻa loa kona ikaika mechanical no nā hoʻohana kūkulu he nui—ʻo ia hoʻi, pono ʻoe i nā ʻāpana mānoanoa a kaumaha e hoʻokō i nā kūlana palekana, kahi e hōʻino ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻomāmā ʻana.

I nā noi kaʻa, ua hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no nā uwea, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā pale kūkulu. Akā ʻo kona nui kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohui i ke kaumaha pono ʻole i nā kaʻa: he 20 a 30 kg o nā uwea keleawe wale nō ke kaʻa maʻamau, a hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia kēlā kaumaha e 50% a ʻoi aku paha me nā koho māmā. ʻO ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ʻo ia hoʻi he pono e mānoanoa nā pale kūkulu i hana ʻia mai ia mea e kākoʻo i nā ukana, e hoʻohui ana i ke kaumaha hou aku. No nā kaʻa uila (EV), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha no ka mea e pili pololei ana ia i ka laulā o ka pila—hiki i ka mālama ʻana i 10 kg ke hoʻonui i ka laulā e 5 a 10 km.

I nā noi aerospace, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe. Pono nā ʻāpana mokulele e like me ka māmā e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie a hoʻonui i ka hiki ke ukana. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka alumini (2.7 g/cm³) a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o ka paʻa ma mua o ka titanium (4.5 g/cm³), e lilo ia i mea kūpono ʻole no ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana kūkulu. ʻOiai i loko o nā ʻōnaehana uila—kahi e pono ai ke alakaʻi o ke keleawe—ʻo kona kaumaha kekahi hemahema nui.

ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe maikaʻi loa i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no nā noi hoʻolālā māmā he alumini, titanium, a me nā hui kalapona fiber. He māmā ka alumini (density 2.7 g/cm³), he kiʻekiʻe ka lakio ikaika-i-kaumaha (ikaika tensile 300 a 400 MPa), a he kūpono ke kumukūʻai—e kūpono ana no nā uwea kaʻa, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā brackets hoʻolālā. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā uwea keleawe maʻemaʻe me nā uwea alumini i loko o ke kaʻa e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha ma 50% ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ka lawa conductivity (he 61% ka conductivity o ke keleawe i loko o ka alumini, ua lawa ia no ka hapa nui o nā hoʻohana kaʻa). ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka Titanium (density 4.5 g/cm³) ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe (ikaika tensile 800 a 1000 MPa) a he māmā hoʻi, no laila he kūpono ia no nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā aerospace a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hui kalapona fiber (density 1.5 a 2.0 g/cm³) ka lakio ikaika-i-kaumaha kiʻekiʻe loa o kekahi mea, e kūpono ana no nā ʻēheu mokulele, nā panela kino, a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO Tesla kahi laʻana kaulana o kēia hoʻololi. Ua pani ka ʻoihana i nā uea keleawe maʻemaʻe me nā uea alumini i loko o kāna mau EV, e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o ka ʻōnaehana uea ma 12 kg a hoʻonui i ka laulā o ka pākaukau ma 15 km. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻo Boeing i nā hui titanium a me nā fiber carbon ma kahi o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i ka 787 Dreamliner, e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o ka mokulele ma 15% a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka wahie ma 20%. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo kahi kaʻa kuʻuna i hoʻohana ʻia i ka gasoline e hoʻohana ana i nā uea keleawe maʻemaʻe a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu he 10 a 15 kg ke kaumaha ma mua o kahi kaʻa like e hoʻohana ana i ka alumini a me nā composites—e hopena ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie he 5 a 10% kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā noi koʻikoʻi

Hōʻuluʻulu ka papa ma lalo nei i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a me kona mau koho ʻē aʻe maikaʻi loa no nā noi ʻekolu a mākou i kūkākūkā ai. Hōʻike ia i ke kumu ʻaʻole kūpono ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a no ke aha e hāʻawi ai nā koho ʻē aʻe i ka hana maikaʻi, ka pono o ke kumukūʻai, a me ka palekana.

noi	Material	Ka nui (g / cm³)	Ikaika U'i (MPa)	Ke Kū'ē ʻana i ka ʻAi ʻAi (Wai Kai/Mahana Kiʻekiʻe)	Ke ola (makahiki)	Kumukūʻai (E pili ana i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe)	Nā Kiʻi Kiʻi	ʻO nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi
Nā Paipu/ʻĀpana Wai Kai Moana	Keleawe Keleawe	8.96	220-300	ʻAʻole maikaʻi (Ka helu o ka palaho: 0.1–0.3 mm/makahiki)	20-30	100%	ʻO ke alakaʻi maikaʻi, ductile	ʻO ka pala wikiwiki, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, ke ola pōkole
	Kupronikela (90/10)	8.80	350-450	Maikaʻi loa (Ka helu o ka palaho: <0.01 mm/makahiki)	50-70	150%	Kū i ka wai kai, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ola lōʻihi	ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai mua
	ʻĀpana keleawe	7.80	400-500	Maikaʻi loa (Kū i ke komo ʻana a me ka pala o ka wai kai)	40-60	140%	Kūpaʻa i ke kapa komo, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, kūpono ke kumukūʻai	ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka conductivity ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe
Nā ʻĀpana ʻOihana Mahana Kiʻekiʻe	Keleawe Keleawe	8.96	110–150 (ma 500°C)	ʻAno ʻino (ʻOki wikiwiki ma luna o 200°C)	0.5-1	100%	ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka thermal conductivity	Ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomakeʻa ʻana, ka luhi wela
	Inconel 600	8.47	600–800 (ma 500°C)	Maikaʻi loa (Kūʻē i ka oxidation a hiki i 1200°C)	5-10	500%	Ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa i ka oxidation, lōʻihi ke ola	ʻO ke kumu kūʻai mua kiʻekiʻe
	316L kuhiliʻole Steel	7.98	400–500 (ma 500°C)	Maikaʻi (Kūʻē i ka oxidation a hiki i 800°C)	3-5	200%	Kūʻai kūpono, kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe	ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe
Hale Hana Māmā (Kaʻa/Aerospace)	Keleawe Keleawe	8.96	220-300	Maikaʻi (Nā wahi akahai wale nō)	5-10	100%	ʻO ke alakaʻi maikaʻi, ductile	Kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka paʻa, haʻahaʻa ka lakio ikaika-a-kaumaha
	Aluminum (6061-T6)	2.70	310	Maikaʻi (Me ka uhi kūpono)	10-15	50%	Māmā, kūpono i ke kumukūʻai, maikaʻi ka lakio ikaika-i-kaumaha	ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka conductivity ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe
	Kalepona puluniu kalapona	1.5-2.0	1000-1500	Maikaʻi loa (Kū i ka pala, ʻaʻohe oxidation)	15-20	1000%	Māmā loa, ka lakio ikaika-i-ke-kaumaha kiʻekiʻe loa	Kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai mua, paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono

He mea maikaʻi loa nō ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no nā hoʻohana e pono ai ke alakaʻi uila a wela paha kiʻekiʻe i nā wahi akahai—e like me ke uwea hale noho a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻololi wela haʻahaʻa. Akā i ka wā e pili ana i nā noi koʻikoʻi ʻekolu a mākou i kūkākūkā ai—nā ʻāpana wai kai, nā ʻāpana ʻoihana wela kiʻekiʻe, a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu māmā—ʻaʻole maopopo ia i kūpono i ka hana. ʻO kona mau hemahema—ke kūpaʻa ʻole i ka pala o ka wai kai, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui—e hoʻolilo iā ia i koho pipiʻi, palekana ʻole, a pono ʻole i kēia mau kūlana.

ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe a mākou i hōʻike ai—ʻo ke cupronickel a me ke keleawe alumini no ka hoʻohana kai, nā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel a me ke kila kila no nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe, a me nā hui alumini, titanium, a me ke kalapona fiber no nā hale māmā—hāʻawi i ka hana maikaʻi aʻe, nā ola lōʻihi, a me ka uku kūpono lōʻihi. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o kekahi o kēia mau koho ʻē aʻe ma mua, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola a me nā pono mālama haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka mua. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ke cupronickel ma mua o 50% ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i ka wā mua, akā ʻo kona ola he 50 a 70 mau makahiki (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 20 a 30 mau makahiki no ke keleawe maʻemaʻe) ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.

I ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻepekema mea, e hoʻomohala ʻia paha nā koho ʻē aʻe hou, kahi e hōʻemi hou ai i ka pono no ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i kēia mau noi. Akā me nā mea i loaʻa iā mākou i kēia manawa, ua maopopo ke kumu no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i nā noi kūkulu moana, mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā noi kūkulu māmā. Ma ka hana ʻana i kēia hoʻololi, hiki i nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana, hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai, hoʻonui i ka pono, a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o kā lākou lako—a laila e hoʻokō i ka hana maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau.

I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hilinaʻi hou i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe no kēlā me kēia noi. No nā hoʻohana ʻekolu a mākou i uhi ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia a me nā kumukūʻai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ma mua o kona mau pono. Ua hiki i ka manawa e apo ai i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kūpono i kēia mau wahi paʻakikī, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ua palekana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o kā mākou ʻoihana, nā mīkini, a me nā kaʻa.

Ka mea hoʻolako

He mea hoʻolako a mea hana keleawe honua hilinaʻi ʻia ʻo RBOSCHCO me ka ʻoi aku o 12 mau makahiki o ka ʻike i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kemika kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā Nanomaterials. Hoʻokuʻu aku ka ʻoihana i nā ʻāina he nui, e like me USA, Kanada, ʻEulopa, UAE, ʻApelika Hema, Tanzania, Kenya, ʻAigupita, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Turkey, Mexico, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Iapana, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, Kelemānia, Palani, Italia, Pokukala a pēlā aku. Ma ke ʻano he mea hana hoʻomohala nanotechnology alakaʻi, ʻo RBOSCHCO ka mea lanakila ma ka mākeke. Hāʻawi kā mākou hui hana ʻoihana i nā hopena kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o nā ʻoihana like ʻole, hana i ka waiwai, a hoʻoponopono maʻalahi i nā pilikia like ʻole. Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i ke keleawe, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻokaʻaʻike mai iā mākou.