Because of the ability to generate materials in specific ways to play a specific role, nanomaterials are used across industries, from health care and cosmetics to environmental protection and air purification.

Nanomaterials are used in many ways in the field of health care, one of the main uses is drug delivery. An example of this process is the development of nanoparticles to help transport chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer growth and to damaged arterial areas to combat cardiovascular disease. Carbon nanotubes are also being developed for use in processes such as adding antibodies to nanotubes to make bacterial sensors.

In the field of aerospace, carbon nanotubes can be used for the deformation of aircraft wings. Nanotubes are used in a composite form to bend in response to the application of a voltage.

In the field of environmental protection, nanomaterials-in this case nanowires-are used. Applications are being developed to use nanowires-zinc oxide nanowires in flexible solar cells and to play a role in sewage treatment.

In the cosmetics industry, mineral nanoparticles (such as titanium dioxide) are used in sunscreen because of the poor long-term stability provided by traditional chemical ultraviolet protection. Like bulk materials, titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide better UV protection and have the added advantage of removing poor beauty whitening associated with nano-forms of sunscreen.

The sports industry has been producing baseball bats made of carbon nanotubes to make them lighter, thus improving their performance. The further use of nanomaterials in the industry can be determined by using antibacterial nanotechnology in items such as towels and mats used by athletes to prevent diseases caused by bacteria.

Nanomaterials are also developed for military use. One example is the use of movable pigment nanoparticles to produce a better form of camouflage by injecting particles into the material of soldiers' uniforms. In addition, the military has developed sensor systems that use nanomaterials, such as titanium dioxide, to detect biological agents.

The use of nano-titanium dioxide also extends to the coating to form a self-cleaning surface, such as the surface of a plastic garden chair. A sealed water film is formed on the coating, any dirt will dissolve in the film, and then the next shower will remove the dirt and basically clean the chair.

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Direct nitridation of titanium powder or TiH2:

The stoichiometric titanium nitride powder can be obtained by nitriding titanium powder in nitrogen or hydrogen atmosphere at 1273 ~ 1673K for 1h and repeated operation several times after the product is crushed.

2Ti+N2=2TiN.

It can also be nitrided with metal hydride TiH2, which can react below 1273K, and the equation is as follows:

2TiH2+N2=2TiN+2H2.

The advantage of this method is that it is easy to operate and high quality titanium nitride powder can be obtained, but the disadvantage is that the price of raw materials is too high to batch production, and this process is easy to produce powder sintering phenomenon, resulting in loss.

TiO2 carbothermal reduction nitridation method:

The carbothermal reduction nitridation method of TiO2 uses TiO2 as raw material, carbonaceous graphite as reductant and reacts with N2 to form TiN. The synthesis temperature is 1380 ~ 1800 ℃ and the reaction time is about 15h. In this reaction environment, carbon reacts not only with oxygen, but also with titanium to form TiC, because the crystal lattices of titanium carbide, titanium nitride and titanium oxide are very close, and they are easy to form a solid solution.

The purity of TiN obtained by this method is generally not high, and the content of O and C is on the high side. In order to obtain TiN with low content of O and C, higher reaction temperature and longer reaction time are needed.

Microwave carbothermal reduction method:

Microwave carbothermal reduction is a redox reaction with inorganic carbon as reducing agent at higher temperature. The specific operation is as follows: using titanium oxide as raw material, heating carbon by microwave until the temperature reaches 1200 ℃, and keeping the reduction reaction at this temperature for 1 h, the titanium nitride powder is obtained.

Compared with the conventional method, the titanium nitride powder prepared by this method has the advantages of high purity, low synthesis temperature (100 ℃, 200 ℃ lower than the original) and short period (1pm 15 of the conventional method).

Chemical vapor deposition:

The chemical vapor deposition method uses gaseous TiCl4 as raw material and H2 as reducing agent to react with N2 to form TiN. The synthesis temperature is 1100 ~ 1500 ℃. This process is often used for coatings on metal and ceramic surfaces to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of ceramics and metals.

This kind of synthetic TiN has high purity, but low production efficiency and high cost. This process is a common method to coat TiN film on the surface of metal, ceramic and other articles to make it beautiful.

Self-propagating high temperature synthesis:

Self-propagating high temperature synthesis is also called combustion synthesis. In this method, the titanium powder (billet) is ignited directly in nitrogen (limiting a certain pressure), and the titanium powder is burned in nitrogen to obtain TiN products. This process has been widely studied and commercialized in Russia, the United States and Japan.

Mechanical alloying method:

The mechanical alloying method is to put titanium powder in the system of ammonia or nitrogen and use high-energy ball mill to make them interact with each other under the strong collision and agitation of grinding balls to obtain nano-titanium nitride. this is a new synthesis method. In China, Liu Zhijian and others use TiH1.924 powder instead of Ti powder to react with nitrogen. By using this high-energy ball milling process, after 100h high-energy ball milling in flowing ammonia, almost all TiH1.924 is converted into TiN, and the conversion rate has been greatly improved. And Zhou Li and others later used the same method to prepare nano-titanium nitride powder, and the reaction time was only 9 h.

Molten salt synthesis method:

Molten salt synthesis method has not been reported in the preparation of titanium nitride, but the preparation of titanium nitride by this method is a good research direction. In this method, the low melting point molten salt is used as the reaction medium, the reactants can be dissolved in the molten salt, and the whole reaction is completed in the atomic environment. After the reaction is completed, the salt can be dissolved and filtered with a suitable solvent to get the product.

The product obtained by this method has the advantages of high purity, simple operation, short reaction time, no stringent requirements on reaction temperature, easy to control the morphology and particle size of the product, and no agglomeration.

Sol-gel method:

The sol-gel method is to mix the reactants evenly in the liquid phase, and then carry out the process of hydrolysis and condensation, and the reactants will form a transparent sol in the solution, which will form a gel after aging and slow polymerization. the gel is dried and solidified to get the materials we need.

Some organic solvents used in this method have toxic side effects and do some harm to the human body.

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What is WS2 coating?

Tungsten disulfide is an extremely smooth dry film lubrication coating. Tungsten disulfide friction coefficient is very low (only 0.03), which is lower than that of Teflon, graphite or molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Compared with many other lubricant materials, the film is very durable and can withstand extremely high loads of more than 300000 psi. WS2 has unparalleled performance in lubrication, non-stick, low resistance, wear life and load rating.

What are advantages of tungsten disulfide?

WS2 is an excellent demoulding material for plastic moulds, extrusion moulds and other demoulding applications.

WS2 eliminates the need for liquid lubricants and can also be used with petrified oils, greases, synthetic oils, silicone lubricants and hydraulic oils. It has an affinity for lubricants and maintains the fluid power layer. It helps to keep the oil or grease on the surface, thus further increasing lubrication.

In the case of less than 1 micron thick, the coating can be applied to high-precision parts without tolerance problems.

WS2 is also a rather inert and non-toxic material, which has been used in medical devices and food processing applications.

WS2 is applied to customer substrates through high-speed ambient temperature process. It does not cause the substrate material to anneal or warp.

WS2 can be used alone or in combination with our PVD hard coating to improve durability.

WS2 coating properties

Lubricity-the lowest friction coefficient of solid materials!

The dynamic friction coefficient is 0.03 and the static friction coefficient is 0.07.

Excellent release performance. They don't stick together.

Non-toxic.

Prevent scratches, jams or cold welds.

It can be used at a load of more than 300000 pounds per square inch!

High temperature resistance.

Extremely thin 1 stroke 2 micron coating thickness.

Unlike many powder lubricants, it can be bonded to the substrate without using a binder.

Do not crumb, peel off or peel off.

Ultra-thin-suitable for high precision components.

WS2 eliminates the need for liquid lubricants.

Can be used with oil and grease. It has an affinity for lubricants and maintains a fluid dynamic layer.

How is WS2 coating applied?

Aerospace components.

medical apparatus.

Plastic molds.

Extrusion die.

Auto parts.

Racing engine.

The ocean mechanism.

Hydraulic / pneumatic.

Gun parts.

Valve assembly.

Mechanical parts.

Spindle.

Power transmission components.

Bearings.

gear.

The shaft.

Pistons and rings.

Cam and cam followers.

Locate the device.

Die-casting mould.

Vacuum mechanism.

Knives.

Scratch prevention.

Slide or rotate the assembly.

Food processing equipment.

Pharmaceutical equipment

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What is TiN coating?

Titanium nitride is an extremely hard and inert thin film coating, which is mainly used in precision metal parts. Titanium nitride (TiN) is the most common PVD hard coating used today. TiN has an ideal combination of hardness, toughness, adhesion and inertia.

TiN coating properties:

Hard (harder than carbide, 3 times harder chrome).

An inert and stable substance.

Extremely strong adhesion-the molecular bond with the base metal.

A wide variety of substrates.

A wide range of thickness.

The thickness of the film is usually 3 microns (0.000118 inches).

Uniform coating, the edge will not scale.

Follow the surface roughness of the part.

High temperature resistance.

Electrical conductivity and non-oxidation.

Non-toxic implants that meet the requirements of FDA.

Resistant to most chemicals.

Metallic gold appearance.

Electrical conductivity-non-oxidation.

Low fatigue-extremely high compressive stress.

Environment-friendly process.

What is TiN coating used for?

Aerospace components.

Medical equipment.

Surgical implant.

Implant tooth.

Dental instruments.

Plastic mould.

Extrusion die.

Food processing equipment.

Pharmaceutical equipment.

Blades, slitting machines and cutting tools.

Punch and die.

Slide or rotate the assembly.

Automobile parts.

Marine hardware.

Hydraulic / pneumatic.

Engine parts.

Prevent abrasion and sticking.

Shafts and seals.

Die casting.

Cutting tool.

Hob.

Broach.

Sports Equipment.

Precision gear.

Gun assembly.

Decorative accessories.

Jewellery

TiN coating can be used to:

Eliminate scratches, fretting, micro-welding, sticking and adhesive wear.

Make the moving parts run smoothly.

Wear resistance of precision parts.

Keep sharp edges or corners.

Cavitation.

Erosion resistance.

Do not stick to the surface, most materials will not stick to the tin surface.

Keep low friction.

The influence of size is small, so it is very suitable for tight tolerance parts.

The corrosion resistance is improved, but the parts can not be well encapsulated.

Improve work efficiency. Make more parts every hour. Plastic molds fill faster at lower pressure and temperature. The tool runs faster and the feed speed is faster.

Reduce downtime. Longer service life and less frequent replacement and cleaning tools.

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Boron carbide (B4C) is grayish black and is a very hard man-made material. Its Mohs hardness scale is 9.3 and its microhardness is 5500~6700kg/mm2, second only to diamond and cubic boron nitride. The crystal structure of boron carbide is hexagonal crystal.

Boron carbide properties

Boron carbide density is 2.52g/cm3. Boron carbide melting point is 2450℃, and it decomposes and volatilizes rapidly when the temperature is higher than 2800℃. Its linear expansion coefficient is 4.5 × 10-6 / ℃, thermal conductivity is 121.42 W (m ·K), 62.80 W / (m ·K), resistivity is 0.44 (20 ℃) Ω cm, 0.02 (500 ℃) Ω cm.

Boron carbide is resistant to acid and alkali corrosion and is not wetted with most molten metals and has high chemical stability. Boron carbide can resist the oxidation of air at 1000 ℃, but it is easy to be oxidized above 900C in oxidizing atmosphere. Boron carbide powder has a very high grinding capacity, which is 50% higher than that of silicon carbide and 1 / 2 times higher than that of corundum. Boron carbide powder is an excellent grinding material and wear-resistant material.

What is boron carbide used for?

Boron carbide has a unique combination of properties, which makes it the first choice for a wide range of engineering applications.

Boron carbide is used in refractory applications because of its high melting point and thermal stability.

It is used as abrasive powder and coating because of its high wear resistance. It is suitable for grinding, polishing, drilling and other processing of all kinds of cemented carbide tools, moulds, parts, components and gemstones. Boron carbide can be made into grinding paste and polishing paste with appropriate amount of oil or water as lubricant.

It is outstanding in bulletproof performance because of its high hardness and low density.

Boron carbide is also widely used as control rods, shielding materials and neutron detectors in nuclear reactors because it can absorb neutrons without forming long-lived radionuclides.

In addition, boron carbide is a kind of high temperature semiconductor, which may be used in new electronic applications.

Boron carbide can also be used as raw material for manufacturing metal boride, boron alloy, boron steel and so on.

It can be used to manufacture boron carbide hot-pressed products as wear-resistant and high-temperature resistant components, such as nozzles, sealing rings, gyroscopes and petrochemical parts.

Is boron carbide harder than diamond?

The Vickers hardness of boron carbide is more than 30 GPa. Boron carbide is one of the materials with the highest hardness, second only to cubic boron nitride and diamond.

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What is zirconia toughened alumina ZTA?

Zirconia toughened alumina is a kind of ceramic material composed of alumina and zirconia. It is a kind of composite ceramic material containing zirconia particles in alumina matrix. It is also known as ZTA.

Zirconia alumina (or zirconia toughened alumina) is a kind of composite ceramic called AZ composite, which is composed of zirconia and alumina. AZ composites are known for their mechanical properties and are commonly used in structural applications, as cutting tools and many medical applications. In addition, AZ composites have high strength, fracture toughness, elasticity, hardness and wear resistance. In particular, zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) has several important properties.

ZTA mechanical properties

Compared with alumina, the mechanical robustness of ZTA is attributed to the displacement phase transition of metastable tetragonal zirconia grains under stress. The stress concentration at the crack tip can lead to the transformation of zirconia from tetragonal to monoclinic crystal structure, accompanied by the volume expansion of zirconia. This volume expansion effectively promotes crack propagation and leads to higher toughness and strength of zirconia toughened alumina samples with a zirconia content of 10-20%. An increase of 20-30% in strength usually meets the design standards, and the cost is much lower, according to the percentage of zirconium, the properties of this ceramic can be operated as needed. Zirconia toughened alumina is generally considered to be an intermediary between alumina and zirconium, and as such a price. This makes the price range of ZTA much lower than that of other similar materials. The increase in strength of composites is achieved through a process called stress-induced transformation toughening. This process will produce internal strain and lead to cracks in the structure of zirconium. Due to the existence of cracks, zirconium particles can switch phases between alumina particles and move more freely. In the same amount of alumina particles, zirconia particles will increase, resulting in an increase in strength.

What is zirconia toughened alumina ZTA used for?

Zirconia toughened alumina has been widely used, including valve seal, casing, pump assembly, joint implantation, wire connection capillaries, tool blades and other ZTA has a variety of properties, which is of great significance in a series of applications. In the medical industry, ZTA, as a ceramic, can be used for joint replacement and rehabilitation. The high wear resistance of ZTA contributes to the manufacture of high performance implants. Because of its high strength and corrosion resistance, ZTA enables materials to withstand heavy loads without succumbing to degradation, and ZTA has many uses in load-bearing applications. The toughness of ZTA also means that it has many uses in cutting tools. ZTA and other alumina are often used in metal cutting applications. Some engine components, laboratory appliances, industrial crucibles, and refractory tubes can be manufactured using ZTA. In addition, some abrasive applications, such as sandblasting, can also be manufactured using ZTA.

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Although hydrogen fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, the catalyst it relies on for power generation is mainly composed of rare and expensive metal platinum, which limits the wide commercialization of hydrogen fuel. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles reported a way to enable them to meet and exceed the goals set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for high catalyst performance, high stability, and low platinum utilization.

The record-breaking technique uses tiny crystals of platinum-cobalt alloy, each embedded in a nano-bag made of graphene.

Compared with the DOE catalyst standard, graphene-coated alloys produced extraordinary results: 75 times higher catalytic activity; 65% higher power; about 20% higher catalytic activity at the end of the fuel cell's expected life; about 35% lower power loss after 7000 hours of simulated use of 6000 ran, exceeding the target of 5000 hours for the first time; and almost 40% less platinum needed per car.

Graphene-coated alloys produced extraordinary results: 75 times higher catalytic activity and 65% higher power. At the end of the expected life of the fuel cell, the catalytic activity increased by about 20%, and the power loss was reduced by about 35% after 7000 hours of simulated use, exceeding the target of 5000 hours for the first time.

Today, half of the world's total supply of platinum and similar metals is used in catalytic converters for fossil fuel-powered cars, which can reduce the harmfulness of their emissions. Each car needs 2 Mel and 8 grams of platinum. By contrast, current hydrogen fuel cell technology consumes about 36 grams of platinum per vehicle. At the minimum platinum load tested by the research team, only 6.8 grams of platinum were needed for each hydrogen-powered vehicle.

So how do researchers get more energy from less platinum? They decomposed the platinum-based catalyst into particles with an average length of 3 nanometers. Smaller particles mean a larger surface area and more room for catalytic activity. However, smaller particles tend to squeeze together to form larger particles.

The team solved this limitation by loading their catalyst particles into the 2D material graphene. Compared with the bulk carbon commonly found in coal or pencil lead, this thin carbon layer has amazing capacity, conducts electricity and heat efficiently, and is 100 times stronger than steel of similar thickness.

Their platinum-cobalt alloy is reduced to particles. Before being integrated into fuel cells, these particles are surrounded by graphene nano-bags, which also act as an anchor to prevent particle migration, which is necessary for the level of durability required for commercial vehicles. At the same time, graphene allows a tiny gap of about 1 nanometer around each catalyst nanoparticles, which means that critical electrochemical reactions may occur.

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With the development of nanotechnology, tungsten disulfide nanomaterials (WS2NM) have become a new choice for optical biosensors. The researchers reported using a simple method to make a hybrid material consisting of WS2 nanowires and hydroxylated MWCNTs (WS2/MWCNTs-OH). The substrate is screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), which has the advantage of lowest cost, disposable and energy saving. Modified with WS2/MWCNTs-OH composites, the rate of sensitive and selective behavior was increased.

Based on the WS2 optical biosensor, when the analyte and the recognition component combine to form a complex, the optical biosensor can measure the surface change by using optical instruments. Biosensors based on optical fiber, evaporation wave fiber, resonance mirror, time-resolved fluorescence, interferometry and surface plasmon resonance are different types of optical sensors. These biosensors can be divided into two categories: direct and indirect.

Direct optical biosensors require compounds on the surface of transducers to generate signals, while indirect optical biosensors involve phosphors or chromophores as their tags to identify binding events and amplify signals. Although higher signal levels can be generated by indirect biosensor technology, they are limited by non-specific binding and high reagent costs in the labeling process.

Tungsten disulfide (WS2) QD can be used as a good candidate because of its excellent fluorescence properties. As an effective probe for dopamine (DA) fluorescence detection, WS2-QD has been used to evaluate colon cancer and detect c-Met protein in serum samples.

In some studies, WS2 is embedded between metal and graphene layers to increase the efficiency of biosensors. Considering that WS2 has the ability of two-dimensional covalent network, it is a suitable base for fixed biological species. Pingyao Wang et al reported that a fluorescent probe was developed by using two-dimensional WS _ 2 nanoparticles and core-shell upconversion nanoparticles modified by inducers as acceptors and donors respectively.

This new, sensitive and selective biosensor can be applied to the rapid and specific quantitative detection of Escherichia coli. In addition, because WS2 nanosheets contain a wide range of absorption spectra, they can be used as excellent energy receivers, thus improving the efficiency. Therefore, this fluorescent biosensor can be used as a platform to observe different bacterial pathogens by changing the relevant specific inducers.

The development of electrical conductivity and basic structural conductivity of WS2NM is very important for the design of biosensors. WS2 NM shows excellent electrical conductivity in electronic and biosensor devices. Hexagonal crystal is the basic structural unit of two-dimensional tungsten disulfide nanomaterials, in which two sulfur atoms combine with one tungsten atom to form a S-W-S interlayer. The bonding of the S-W-S layer is caused by the weak van der Waals force.

The properties of WS2 nanowires can be greatly changed by reducing their size to the range of nanoscale, and their active sites are located at their edges. Therefore, the electron band gap shifts from 1.4eV to 2.0eV in the whole bulk phase of the nanowires.

WS2 nanowires have been successfully recognized in various fields because of their huge specific surface area, good electrical conductivity and unique electronic structure.

WS2 nanosheets contain a single crystal structure with unique flake and porous shapes, as well as high specific surface area and electronic standards. A practical method to improve electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is to add conductive nanotubes to insulating polymer matrix. Jan Macutkevic et al claimed that because of the high aspect ratio of nanotubes, adding them to the insulating polymer matrix can effectively improve the electromagnetic shielding performance.

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