What is silicon nitride used for?

Silicon nitride ceramic materials have excellent properties such as high thermal stability, strong oxidation resistance, and high dimensional accuracy. Because silicon nitride is a covalent compound with high bond strength and can form an oxide protective film in the air, it also has good chemical stability, which is not oxidized below 1200 ℃. The formation of a protective film at 1200-1600 ℃ can prevent further oxidation and is not infiltrated or corroded by aluminum, lead, tin, silver, brass, nickel and many other molten metals or alloys, but can be corroded by magnesium, nickel-chromium alloy, stainless steel and other molten metals.

Silicon nitride ceramic materials can be used in parts of high temperature engineering, advanced refractories in metallurgical industry, corrosion resistant parts and sealing parts in chemical industry, cutting tools and cutting tools in mechanical processing industry, etc.

Because silicon nitride can form a strong combination with silicon carbide, alumina, thorium dioxide, boron nitride, it can be used as a bonding material to modify it with different ratios. For example, combined with SiC to form SI3N4-SIC refractory for blast furnace body and other parts, and combined with BN to form SI3N4-BN material for horizontal continuous casting separation ring. SI3N4-BN horizontal continuous casting separation ring is a kind of fine structure ceramic material with uniform structure and high mechanical strength. It has good thermal shock resistance and will not be wetted by molten steel.

Silicon nitride can also be used in solar cells. After plating silicon nitride film by PECVD method, not only can it be used as antireflection film to reduce the reflection of incident light, but also, in the process of deposition of silicon nitride film, the hydrogen atom of the reaction product enters into the silicon nitride film and silicon wafer, which plays a role in passivating defects. The atomic number ratio of silicon nitride here is not strict 4:3, but fluctuates in a certain range according to different process conditions, and the physical properties of the films corresponding to different atomic ratios are different.

Can also be used for ultra-high temperature gas turbines, aircraft engines, electric furnaces, etc.

Is silicon nitride a ceramic?

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a series of advanced engineering ceramics with high strength, high toughness, high hardness and excellent chemical and thermal stability.

What does silicon and nitrogen make?

Silicon nitride can be prepared by heating silicon powder between 1300 °C and 1400 °C in nitrogen:

3Si + 2N2→Si3N4

Silicon nitride refractive index

The refractive index of Si3N4 at 632.8nm is 2.02252.

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US consumers recently filed a lawsuit against Mars in a California court, claiming that the content of titanium dioxide in Skittles was too high.

According to an indictment filed by US consumers, titanium dioxide can cause changes in DNA in the human body, damage organs such as the brain, and damage the liver and kidneys. The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) issued a report in May 2021 that, given all available scientific research and data, titanium dioxide is no longer safe as a food additive.

What is titanium dioxide?

Titanium dioxide, chemical formula TiO2, as an additive code is 171.

Because of its non-toxic, best opacity, best whiteness and brightness, it has been widely used in many fields, such as paint, plastic, rubber, paper, cosmetics, food, medicine and so on.

Titanium dioxide used in pharmaceutical industry

In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is often used in pharmaceutical preparations, as a coating agent, colorant and ultraviolet absorbent, for the preparation of coated tablets, pills, granules, capsules and topical preparations.

According to the European Union Trade Association, about 91000 drugs for human use and 800 kinds of veterinary drugs contain titanium dioxide. According to an article published by the European Drug Administration in September 2021 to assess the impact of titanium dioxide on the pharmaceutical industry: it is difficult for the pharmaceutical industry to get rid of titanium dioxide, and this excipient is frequently used in oral solid and semi-solid dosage forms as opaque agents and colorants. such as tablets, capsules, suspensions and so on. It also exists in many essential drugs for human beings, including antibiotics, antidiabetic drugs and so on.

Who is to blame?

It is said that the safety problem of titanium dioxide is not titanium dioxide itself, but a certain proportion of nanometer titanium dioxide. Nano-sized particles may be harmful to human health.

Can titanium dioxide be replaced?

It is not easy to find a replacement for titanium dioxide.

The European Drug Administration has reported that so far, no single substance has been found to provide a combination of properties unique to TiO2 (such as opacity, enhanced contrast, inertia, UV protection and the resulting product smoothness).

Possible alternatives include calcium carbonate, talc, and starch. However, these alternatives have disadvantages (for example, inability to obtain thin enough film, supply chain problems, and the risk of related element impurities).

According to the European Drug Administration, if titanium dioxide is not allowed to add to medicines, it will almost cause a large shortage of drugs and lead to the suspension / withdrawal of these drugs from the EU / European Economic area market. The European Drug Administration's quality working Group (QWP) said there was currently no mechanism for regulators to prioritize products to be reformulated and that the transition period for replacing titanium dioxide would take a decade or more. "each affected pharmaceutical product will require a separate review and evaluation, which will require investigation of alternatives, product reformulation, and collection of new data related to manufacturing, dissolution and stability." The European Drug Administration wrote.

Some enterprises have begun to study alternatives to titanium dioxide. for example, the food company ADM has launched a series of white colorant solutions series Pearl Edge, which aims to replace food-grade titanium dioxide, and Caracom, a manufacturer of thin-film coating systems in the pharmaceutical industry, has launched the Newterfield series of full-formula thin-film coating products designed for nutrition, which clearly states that it does not contain titanium dioxide.

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Inconel has a variety of properties, such as corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and can withstand high temperatures, so it is an ideal material for extreme environments. Due to solution strengthening or precipitation strengthening, Cr-Ni-Fe alloy has high temperature strength. This material also has pressure resistance and is very suitable for extreme applications.

What is Inconel Used in?

Aerospace and jet engines

Nickel alloy is a natural substitute in aerospace industry. In particular, engine parts will be exposed to high temperature and high pressure. The material must be able to withstand this environment and maintain its strength and integrity. Nickel alloys provide creep resistance under high stress conditions, low expansion and corrosion resistance at these high temperatures.

For example, Inconel 600 are used in jet engines and fuselage components such as exhaust linings, locks and turbine seals. Inconel 601 is widely used in a variety of aerospace technologies because of its ability to withstand pressure, and it is very easy to use.

Oil and gas exploitation

Oil and natural gas exploitation is one of the main industrial applications of Cr-Ni-Fe alloy. Due to the high temperature and the flammable and corrosive raw materials being processed or stored, the design engineer evaluates many factors for the design engineer to choose from when selecting the material.

Inconel 625 can meet the requirements for the separation of extracted fluids in a processing system manufactured by LNG. Inconel 625 has excellent fatigue and thermal fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, high creep, tensile and fracture strength and excellent solderability. It is usually used to lining steel transmission pipes in acid gas and gas extraction equipment.

Pollution control and waste disposal

It is difficult to work in environments such as pollution control and waste disposal, so alloys used in waste treatment systems must have excellent resistance to reductive acid solutions and oxidation, as well as resistance to high temperatures involved in the operation, without losing structural integrity or strength.

Inconel C-276 can accomplish the task. It has excellent corrosion resistance in these environments. The large amount of molybdenum (15-17%) in this alloy makes it resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion. Its low carbon content can minimize the precipitation of carbide in the welding process to ensure its corrosion resistance in the welding structure.

Automobile

Car engines generate a lot of heat and need to be reliable and lighter. There is also a need to save fuel and control pollution levels.

Inconel 625 can be used in this field because it is one of the most versatile materials. Inconel 625 are usually used as exhaust pipe connectors for high-performance cars and supercars. Chromium-nickel-iron alloys are also used in sensors, safety devices, ignition systems and electrical switchgear.

Marine industry

Inconel alloys are used in many seawater applications. On offshore platforms, or in power and processing plants that use seawater as a coolant. Seawater systems are highly corrosive in nature, so it is necessary to use materials that do not degrade under these conditions.

Inconel alloy performs well in this extreme case. For example, Inconel 625 are used for sheathing propeller blades, propulsion motors, wire ropes and submarine communication cables. Other uses of the Inconel alloy series include platform risers, hangers, downhole equipment and high-strength fasteners.

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What is Monel?

Monel alloy is a kind of nickel-copper alloy. First developed in 1905, it is based on 52-67% nickel and copper, and also contains compounds such as iron and manganese. Monel is not cupronickel because it contains less than 60 per cent copper.

Monel alloys are stronger than pure nickel and are resistant to corrosion in kinds of environment, including fast-flowing sea water. They can be easily manufactured by hot and cold working, machining and welding.

Monel includes 401, R405, K-500,400,404 and 402, each of which has some different features and uses.

For example, Monel 404 has a lower content of nickel (52%) and a higher content of aluminum (0.05%) and copper (47%).

The content of Monel R405 is very similar to that of Monel 400, except that it does not contain titanium.

The Monel K500 contains aluminum (0.3%) and titanium (0.35% to 0.85%). Compared with other Monel alloys, this alloy has lower friction coefficient and higher wear resistance. It also has excellent mechanical properties, such as strength and hardness at temperatures up to 600°C (1112°F).

Monel 400 contains 28% to 34% copper and at least 63% nickel, and its copper and nickel content is the same as that found naturally in the nickel ore of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Because this alloy is even much more expensive than stainless steel, it is only used in critical applications that cannot be replaced by cheap materials.

What was made out of Monel?

For example, marine engineering, chemical and hydrocarbon processing equipment, valves, pumps, shafts, fittings, fasteners and heat exchangers are made of monel. And some metal instruments, glasses frames, strings of some musical instruments, and so on.

What are the features of Monel?

High corrosion resistance and anti-rust.

Stronger than steel.

Malleable.

Low coefficient of thermal expansion.

High alkali resistance.

It can be welded, brazed and soldered.

What is Monel used for?

Marine applications:

One area where Monel alloys are still widely used may be rowing because of its excellent resistance to seawater corrosion. However, in the presence of electrolytes (such as sodium), it can cause galvanic corrosion with other metals. For this reason, it needs to be insulated from other metals (such as steel) on the container.

Nevertheless, it is still an attractive option for the production of pumps and piping systems, filter baskets, valves and wiring. It is a popular choice for keel bolts and propeller shafts and is used to store fuel and water. Finally, it is often incorporated into the anchoring system, especially the grip shackles.

Petroleum refining:

Monel is the preferred metal for alkylation units in the oil and gas industry. In the alkylation process, isobutene is converted to gasoline components. This process requires the presence of strong acids, such as hydrofluoric acid. Few materials can withstand hydrofluoric acid exposure, but Monel alloy is one of them. In fact, many people think that Monel alloy is best at dealing with hydrofluoric acid erosion. Therefore, it is a commonly used metal in alkylation containers.

Aerospace construction:

Monel alloy was widely used in aircraft manufacturing as early as the 1960s. It is built into the shells and frames of various rocket aircraft because it maintains its strength and shape at high speeds and high temperatures.

Musical instrument:

Monel alloy is a standard alloy used in some musical instruments. Specifically, it is used for bass guitar strings and a variety of brass instruments, including trumpet, French horn and tuba. Among brass instruments, it is most often built into the valve piston, where it produces a strong seal.

Is Monel expensive?

Monel is expensive because of its high nickel content and its use in professional industries that continue to drive demand for this alloy.

Is MONEL corrosion resistant?

Monel is a highly corrosion-resistant and rust-proof material.

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What are high performance hollow glass beads

High-performance hollow glass microspheres are hollow spherical powder-like ultra-light inorganic non-metallic materials with light weight, large volume, low thermal conductivity, high compressive strength and good mobility. Under a high-magnification electron microscope, the high-performance hollow glass microbeads look like crystal clear hollow glass spheres. It is precisely because of this unique structure at a very small scale that hollow glass microspheres have become a new type of lightweight material with widespread use and excellent performance developed in recent years.

Application of High Performance Hollow Glass Microspheres

1. The soda-lime borosilicate composition of glass microbeads makes it chemically stable and inert, thus giving it safety as a filler or as an additive without worrying about it reacting with the substrate or other substances, and making it Resistant to other chemical corrosion except strong alkali.

2. The perfect spherical shape gives it excellent anisotropy, so that there will be no warpage and shrinkage due to non-uniform stress after processing.

3. Hollow glass microspheres are tiny spheres. In liquid, like miniature ball bearings, they have better mobility than flake, needle or irregular shaped fillers. The resulting microsphere effect makes the The viscosity of the mixture decreases, and the filling performance is naturally excellent; the good processing performance can improve the production efficiency by 10% to 20%.

4. The perfect spherical shape makes it have the smallest specific surface area, so its oil absorption is low. Compared with the conventional filling material calcium carbonate, the oil absorption rate of hollow glass microspheres is much lower, and the oil absorption rate of different types of products per 100 grams Between 7 and 40 mg, and the oil absorption rate per 100 grams of light calcium carbonate is as high as 120 to 130 mg, and the heavy calcium carbonate is also as high as 50 to 60 mg. The amount of resin is reduced, and at the same time, because it can increase the activity of the resin, the resin is only used as a base material instead of a filler to stop processing, thereby reducing the amount of resin.

5. Due to the dispersion of the particle size of the glass microspheres, the small microspheres fill the voids of the large microspheres, thereby increasing the solid content and reducing the VOC.

6. The color is white, so it has good color compatibility.

7. Very low true density and strong compressive strength, resulting in a high compressive strength-to-density ratio, which makes it suitable for some applications requiring high compressive strength, such as extrusion, compression molding or In the petroleum industry, it can not only play the role of fillers or additives to reduce density, but also make it have good survival rate and stability during processing.

8. The particle size is small, and it will not reduce its toughness when it is mixed with resin for processing. In the drilling fluid, the passing rate of 200-mesh sieve cloth is 99.8%, and the passing rate of 300-mesh sieve cloth is 88.5%. job request.

9. The inside of the hollow glass microspheres is a thin vacuum gas. The density and thermal conductivity of the two different materials are different, so it has the characteristics of sound insulation, heat insulation and low thermal conductivity. It is an excellent choice for various thermal insulation and sound insulation products. filler. The insulating properties of the microspheres can also be used to protect the product from thermal shock caused by alternating between rapid heating and quenching conditions.

10. The closed void ratio is very high, and the spherical shape is tight and complete, and it is insoluble in water, so that its application in water is also very stable. It is insoluble in water, and its applications in water such as yachts, racing boats and the like are also extremely stable.

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Sunscreen

Zinc oxide is the main ingredient of natural or coral-friendly sunscreen. It reflects ultraviolet rays from the skin and provides a barrier between the skin and the sun. This protective barrier also helps to prevent water loss or transdermal water loss. When the moisture in the skin is lost to the environment, it will occur through the epidermis water loss or TEWL, resulting in the skin appears dull. Zinc oxide is an inert compound, which means it does not irritate the skin, making it an excellent substitute for chemical sunscreen, especially for sensitive skin or children.

Antibacterial

Zinc oxide also has antibacterial properties that help protect the skin from bacteria and help keep the product stable. This also means that fewer preservatives are needed to prevent products from deteriorating or being contaminated during use. The added benefit of antimicrobial properties is that it may help reduce secondary infections in acne skin, which can occur when defects lead to open wounds. Its antibacterial properties make it a common ingredient in antiseptic ointment.

Acne

Zinc oxide is usually formulated into products specially designed for the treatment of acne. This is due to its antibacterial properties and its ability to support wound healing and reduce visible irritation and redness. Zinc oxide is usually recommended as a dietary supplement to support other acne treatments. This is because zinc may act as an enzyme cofactor or helper molecule in DNA repair and collagen synthesis.

Moisture content

Because zinc oxide forms a protective barrier on the surface of the skin, it can also help keep the skin hydrated and moisturized. This is because it prevents the loss of TEWL or moisture from the skin into the environment. As the skin's ability to naturally regulate moisture decreases, this is especially important as you get older.

Irritant

Because it relieves skin irritation, zinc oxide is often used to calm and relieve the ability of irritated or reactive skin. Zinc is used as an active ingredient in anti-dandruff shampoo to prevent dry flaky skin on the scalp. It is also used in acne products and formulations specially designed for sensitive skin.

Anti-aging

Zinc oxide may also have anti-aging benefits. As mentioned earlier, it helps prevent moisture loss from the skin, which is important for aging skin. With the increase of age, the skin will slowly reduce the natural oil it produces, thus reducing the skin's ability to absorb skin moisture. The protective ability of zinc oxide helps to retain moisture. Another way in which zinc oxide may contribute to aging is through zinc's potential to act as an enzyme cofactor or helper molecule in DNA repair and collagen synthesis.

Diaper rash

One of the more popular uses of zinc oxide is to reduce diaper rash by creating a protective barrier on a baby's delicate skin. This reduces the effects of bacteria and other irritants that may be present in urine or other excreta on the skin. As a treatment for diaper rash, zinc oxide can appear in creams, lotions, ointments and various other forms, depending on the intended use.

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What is Waterglass?

The water glass commonly used in construction is the aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na2O·nSiO2). Molecular weight: 122.054.

Sodium silicate is a kind of inorganic substance. It is made of silica (quartz sand), soda ash (or earth alkali) co-melted in a melting kiln and cooled and crushed.

The mole ratio of SiO2 to Na2O determines the modulus n of sodium silicate. The modulus shows the composition of sodium silicate, which is an important parameter of sodium silicate, generally between 1.5 and 3.5. The larger n is, the more difficult it is for solid sodium silicate to dissolve in water, when n is 1, hot water is needed to dissolve, when n is larger, hot water is needed to dissolve, and when n is more than 3, steam at more than 4 atmospheric pressure is needed to dissolve. The larger the n is, the more the content of silicon oxide is, the viscosity of sodium silicate increases, it is easy to decompose and harden, and the adhesion increases, so the sodium silicate with different modulus has different uses. Widely used in fine chemicals, coatings, construction, general casting, precision casting, papermaking, ceramics, clay, mineral processing, kaolin, washing and many other fields.

What is Sodium Silicate Used For?

Used in chemical systems to make silica aerogels, silicon compounds, silica sols.

It is not only an indispensable raw material for detergents such as washing powder and soap in light industry, but also a water softener and sedimentation aid; it is used for dyeing, bleaching and sizing in textile industry.

It is widely used in casting, grinding wheel manufacturing and metal preservatives in machinery industry, and in construction industry, it is used in subway, tunnel, electric power, bridge, manufacturing quick-drying cement, acid-resistant cement waterproof oil, soil curing agent, refractory and so on.

Silicon fertilizer can be made in agriculture; in addition, it can be used as silicon-aluminum catalyst for petroleum catalytic cracking, soap filler, paper deinking and bleaching, corrugated paper adhesives, metal preservatives, water softeners, detergent auxiliaries, refractories and ceramic raw materials, textile bleaching, dyeing and size.

Used for waterproofing, leakage plugging, wood fire prevention, food anticorrosion and adhesive.

Waterglass used in Construction:

Alkali in water glass can stimulate the hardening and non-shrinkage of mortar prepared with slag, which can be used to repair the crack of brick wall, and can also be prepared into alkali slag cement.

Water glass with appropriate amount of sodium fluorosilicate and heat-resistant powder and orthopaedics can be prepared into mortar or concrete, using water glass as cementitious material, sodium fluorosilicate as coagulant, heat-resistant or acid-resistant coarse and fine orthopaedic materials according to a certain proportion. The limit temperature of water glass heat-resistant concrete is below 1200 degrees Celsius.

Where cannot Waterglass be Used?

Water glass cannot brush and impregnate gypsum products, because sodium silicate will react with calcium sulfate to produce sodium sulfate, which crystallizes in the gaps of the products, resulting in significant volume expansion, resulting in the destruction of the products.

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With the adoption of silicon carbide (SiC) by Tesla in 2018 and gallium nitride by Xiaomi in 2020, the third-generation semiconductor has finally gained market recognition and ushered in development opportunities after 30 or 40 years of development. Since then, the third generation of semiconductors in the new energy vehicles, consumer electronics, and other areas of rapid development.

With the development of the third-generation semiconductor in full swing, gallium oxide, aluminum nitride, diamond, and other fourth-generation semiconductor materials have also begun to attract attention. Among them, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is the fourth-generation semiconductor material that has been widely concerned and recognized by the international industry.

Japan is at the forefront of gallium oxide research. The first gallium oxide power device was reported in Japan in 2012, a high-quality gallium oxide single crystal substrate was introduced in 2015, and a homogeneous epitaxial wafer was introduced in 2016. Since then, device research results based on gallium oxide materials began to explode. 

Previously, gallium oxide substrates were mainly produced by the EFG method. 

EFG method requires crystal growth in a high temperature and oxygen-containing environment of about 1800℃, which has high requirements for the growth environment. Crucible needs materials with high temperature and oxygen resistance, and cannot pollute the crystal and other characteristics. Given performance and cost, only precious metal iridium is suitable for gallium oxide melt. Iridium, however, is expensive, costing three times as much as gold. A six-inch device requires several kilograms of iridium, equivalent to a large chunk of gold, and the crucible alone costs more than six million dollars, making it difficult to scale up the number of devices for mass production. 

The third generation VS the fourth generation

The third generation of semiconductors refers to wide-bandgap semiconductors, including silicon carbide (SIC) and gallium nitride (GaN), two materials with bandwidths of more than 3eV, which are just beginning to be used on a large scale. 

The fourth generation of semiconductors refers to ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors, including gallium oxide (Ga2O3), Diamond, and aluminum nitride (AlN). Gallium oxide is the only one of these materials that have made the big breakthrough (6 inches) and are expected to be used on a large scale in the next 3-5 years, with Japan leading the way. 

Compared with silicon-based devices, the power loss of silicon carbide is 1/7 of that of silicon-based devices, which has a good energy-saving effect. Gallium oxide power loss is 1/7 of silicon carbide, that is, 1/49 of silicon-based devices, that is, 2%. 

Silicon carbide is often used as a power device, in the new energy vehicles to play an energy-saving effect, when the heat dissipation is small, you can optimize the heat dissipation system, and it will become light and cheap. At present, copper, gold and silver, and other precious metals are commonly used in the market, while better materials, such as graphene, aluminum nitride, diamond, etc. have a better heat dissipation effect and have the potential to optimize the heat dissipation system. 

Gallium oxide is the only semiconductor material with a wide bandgap that can be grown by the melt method. The cost of its 6-inch substrate could drop to around $200 in three to five years and $50 in mass production. A silicon carbide substrate of the same size costs about $700. 

Gallium oxide forms wafer substrates quickly and can be used by the melt method. This is like sticking a chopstick into honey and pulling it out. It has formed a single crystal, which grows two centimeters in an hour, nearly 100 times faster than other materials. The crystals produced by melt, like snow melting into water and then ice, are of very good quality, whereas the deposition of gas molecules into crystals is slow and difficult to improve. 

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