Customized processing of high quality multi-type high temperature ceramics

Overview of High-Temperature Ceramics

High temperature ceramics refer to special ceramics that can work stably at high temperatures (generally higher than 1000℃). It is mainly divided into oxide ceramics (such as alumina), nitride ceramics (such as silicon nitride), carbide ceramics (such as silicon carbide) and other categories. With high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, high strength, low thermal conductivity and other characteristics, widely used in aerospace engines, metallurgical furnaces, new energy equipment and other fields. With the development of technology, the optimization of performance and multifunctionality under extreme conditions has become a research hotspot, helping to innovate the high-temperature industry.

Features of High-Temperature Ceramics

High-temperature ceramics have excellent high-temperature resistance and can maintain stable physicochemical properties under high-temperature environments of more than 1,000°C. Tantalum carbide ceramics can even withstand high temperatures of more than 3,800°C, which is much higher than the limit of resistance of metal materials, which has made them the core materials for high-temperature scenarios such as the combustion chambers of aerospace engines.

High-temperature ceramics at high temperatures can still maintain high strength, such as silicon nitride ceramics at 1200 ℃ when the flexural strength of up to 800MPa, while through the nanocomposite, fiber toughening and other technologies, but also has a good resistance to thermal shock, can effectively alleviate the cracking caused by the sudden change in temperature, such as zirconia ceramics thermal shock temperature difference of up to 800 ℃, suitable for frequent start-stop industrial equipment. Its corrosion resistance and chemical stability is also very good, on the acid, alkali, molten metal and high temperature gases, etc. has a strong resistance to erosion, silicon carbide ceramics in hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid mixture of corrosion rate is very low, only 0.01mm/year, commonly used in chemical reactor lining and other strong corrosive environments.

In addition, most high-temperature ceramics with low thermal conductivity, such as alumina ceramics thermal conductivity of only 1/10 of that metal aluminum, both good electrical insulation, can be used as a high-temperature insulation materials and electronic device insulation substrate.

Some high-temperature ceramics also have multi-functional characteristics. Aluminum nitride ceramics with high thermal conductivity are an ideal material for efficient heat dissipation substrates, and molybdenum disilicide ceramics with metal-semiconductor transition characteristics can be used for high-temperature heating elements. These characteristics make high temperature ceramics play an important role in aerospace, energy and environmental protection, and promote the development of the high temperature industry.

Specifications table of high-temperature ceramics

Ceramic Type	Melting Point (°C)	Density (g/cm³)	Crystal Structure	Flexural Strength at Room Temperature (MPa)	Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)	Remarks	Ceramic Type	Melting Point (°C)	Flexural Strength at Room Temperature (MPa)	Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)	Remarks
Titanium Carbide (TiC)	3100	4.94	Cubic	–	–	High hardness, wear – resistance, and suitable for high – temperature cutting tools	Titanium Carbide (TiC)	3100	4.94	Cubic	–
Niobium Diboride (NbB₂)	3050	6.97	Hexagonal	300 – 500 (for boride ceramics in general)	60 – 120 (for boride ceramics in general)	Has metallic characteristics such as high electrical conductivity	Niobium Diboride (NbB₂)	3050	6.97	Hexagonal	300 – 500 (for boride ceramics in general)
Zirconium Diboride (ZrB₂)	3225	–	–	300 – 500 (pure ceramic), 800 – 1000 or more (with 10% + second – phase addition)	60 – 120	Good oxidation resistance, suitable for leading – edge materials of hypersonic aircraft	Zirconium Diboride (ZrB₂)	3225	–	–	300 – 500 (pure ceramic), 800 – 1000 or more (with 10% + second – phase addition)
Hafnium Diboride (HfB₂)	–	–	–	300 – 500 (pure ceramic), 800 – 1000 or more (with 10% + second – phase addition)	60 – 120	High – temperature stability and good mechanical properties	Hafnium Diboride (HfB₂)	–	–	–	300 – 500 (pure ceramic), 800 – 1000 or more (with 10% + second – phase addition)
Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄)	No melting point, decomposes at 1870	3.1 – 3.3	–	High strength retention at high temperatures, over 800 at 1200°C	–	Excellent thermal shock resistance, chemical stability, and suitable for high – temperature structural parts	Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄)	No melting point, decomposes at 1870	3.1 – 3.3	–	High strength retention at high temperatures, over 800 at 1200°C

Applications of High-Temperature Ceramics

In the field of aerospace, high temperature ceramics used in the manufacture of engine combustion chambers, turbine blades and other core components, such as nickel-based high temperature alloy coatings and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) combination, can make the engine operating temperature increase of more than 300 ℃, significantly improve fuel efficiency and thrust-to-weight ratio; spacecraft thermal protection system, silica fiber ceramic felt can withstand re-entry into the atmosphere when the high temperature of more than 2000 ℃, to protect the safety of the cabin. In the energy field, high-temperature ceramics are used in fuel and fuel oil.

In the energy field, high-temperature ceramics in fuel cells as electrolyte diaphragm and electrode support materials, such as yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconia ceramics in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to achieve high efficiency ionic conduction; in supercritical thermal power equipment, silicon nitride ceramic bearings can withstand the steam environment of 600 ℃, reducing mechanical wear.

In the metallurgical industry, silicon carbide ceramic crucibles and furnace tubes are used for high-temperature melting of rare metals, and their resistance to molten metal erosion is better than that of traditional graphite materials; high-temperature ceramics made of wear-resistant liners and nozzles are used in ore crushing and blast furnace coal injection system, and their service life is 5-8 times longer than that of metal parts.

In the field of electronic information, aluminum nitride ceramic substrate due to high thermal conductivity (230W/m-K) and insulation, become 5G base station power devices and highly integrated chip heat dissipation key materials; zinc oxide ceramic varistor used in power systems for over-voltage protection, can withstand instantaneous thousands of volts of high-voltage impact.

In addition, in the field of environmental protection, cordierite ceramic honeycomb carrier as the support body of automobile exhaust gas purification catalyst, can work stably at a high temperature of 800 ℃, to promote the transformation of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants; medical field, zirconia ceramics, by virtue of the biocompatibility and high strength, used in the production of artificial joints and dental implants, wear-resistant life of up to 20 years or more.

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5 FAQs of High Temperature Ceramics

Q1: What is the difference between high-temperature ceramics and traditional ceramics?

Traditional ceramics are made of clay, feldspar, etc., and the sintering temperature is usually below 1200°C, with lower temperature resistance and mechanical strength. High-temperature ceramics are made of high melting point materials such as alumina and zirconia, and the sintering temperature is generally above 1300°C. They have higher temperature resistance (e.g., tantalum carbide can withstand 3800°C), chemical stability, and mechanical strength, and are suitable for use in extreme environments.

Q2: What are the methods of preparing high-temperature ceramics?

Common methods include hot press sintering (e.g., silicon carbide ceramics), sol-gel (for nanoceramics), and 3D printing (for complex structures). Newer technologies, such as rapid synthesis at ultra-high temperatures, allow for sintering in tens of seconds, which inhibits grain growth and improves the density of the material.

Q3: How to solve the problem of brittleness of high-temperature ceramics?

Adding a second phase (such as carbon fibers, silicon carbide whiskers) or the use of nanocomposite technology can significantly improve the brittleness. For example, carbon fiber-reinforced ultrahigh-temperature ceramics can increase fracture toughness from 3.1 MPa・m¹/² to 11.4 MPa・m¹/² while reducing mass. In addition, gradient structure design and surface coating technology can also enhance the resistance to thermal shock.

Q4: What are the environmental applications of high-temperature ceramics?

Zero-carbon fuel firing: Pure ammonia fuel is used to replace fossil fuels for firing ceramics, realizing zero carbon dioxide emissions, such as the pilot kiln project of Foshan Ou Shennuo Ceramics. Exhaust gas purification: Ceramic-based catalyst carriers are used in automobile exhaust gas treatment to reduce NOx emissions. Waste recycling: Ceramic waste can be used as aggregate for concrete or recycled ceramic bricks, reducing landfill pollution.

Q5: What is the cost of high-temperature ceramics?

The cost of high-temperature ceramics is usually higher than that of traditional ceramics due to the high purity of the raw materials and the complexity of the preparation process. For example, the cost of silicon nitride ceramic bearings is about 3-5 times that of metal bearings, but because of their life extension of 5-8 times, the overall cost-effective. With the large-scale production and technology optimization, the cost is gradually reduced, especially in aerospace and other high-end areas have been commercialized.