Uguquko Oluhle

(The Gorgeous Transformation)

I-graphite emnyama ingashintshwa ibe amadayimane ahlotshisiwe abizayo. Ingabe lolu shintsho luwushintsho olungokwenyama noma lwamakhemikhali? Lo mbuzo singawuphendula ngokuhlaziya lezi zici ezilandelayo.

1. Ukuhlaziywa okuvela ezicini zezinguquko zamakhemikhali

Siyazi ukuthi izinguquko zamakhemikhali zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali ukwakheka kwezinye izinto lapho zishintsha. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziguqulwa zibe izakhi ezintsha zemvelo ehluke ngokuphelele ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali, okuyisici soshintsho lwamakhemikhali. Lapho i-graphite, into ehlanzekile eyakhiwe nge-carbon, iba idayimane ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, nakuba idayimane liyinto ehlanzekile eyakhiwe nge-carbon, izakhiwo zedayimane zihluke kakhulu kulezo ze-graphite (izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-graphite zisebenza kakhulu kunedayimane) ; Enye ingxenye ye-carbon. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi idayimane liyinto entsha ephenduka i-graphite ngesikhathi soshintsho. Izinguquko ekubunjweni kwezinto ezintsha akuzona izinguquko ezibonakalayo.

2. Ngokombono wesakhiwo sekristalu

Lapho i-graphite iguqulwa ibe idayimane, isakhiwo sekristalu ye-graphite siyabhujiswa, amandla okubopha abuthakathaka phakathi kongqimba lwe-graphite nongqimba luyaphulwa noma lushintshwe, noma isibopho samakhemikhali kanye nemodi yokubopha phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon endizeni ene-hexagonal nayo ithuthukiswa kakhulu. Inhlanganisela phakathi kwabo ihlanganiswa njalo ibe isakhiwo esiqondile ngokuvumelana nefomu kanye nezidingo zedayimane. Okusho ukuthi, isakhiwo esinezingqimba se-graphite siguqulwa sibe isakhiwo esivamile se-tetrahedral yedayimane. Ngokusho kweqiniso lokuthi into efanayo inesakhiwo esisodwa kuphela, i-graphite nedayimane yizinto ezimbili ezinezinhlaka ezahlukene zekristalu. Njengoba inqubo yoshintsho ishintsha isuka kwesinye isiya kwesinye, akulona ushintsho lomzimba. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwendaba kusuka kwesinye isakhiwo kuya kwesinye kuyinqubo yokuguqula amakhemikhali.

3. Ukuhlaziywa ngokombono wemiphumela yokushisa

Lolu shintsho luwukusabela kwe-exothermic. Ifomu lapho amandla aguqulwa abe ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi nalolu shintsho liyaboniswa. Lapho i-graphite iphenduka idayimane, iwukusabela kwamakhemikhali okumunca ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwe-graphite ibe idayimane ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile akulona ushintsho olungokwenyama.

4. Ngokombono we-catalyst

Ukuguqulwa kwe-graphite ibe yidayimane kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela okukhulu. Ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa angama-2000 ° C kuya ku-4000 ° C kanye nesisindo sama-atmospheres angu-60,000 kuya ku-120,000, izinga lokuguqulwa lisaphansi, futhi i-chromium, insimbi, neplatinamu iyadingeka njengama-catalysts. Ngokuya ngesimiso sokuthi i-enzyme ingashintsha kuphela intengo yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, i-catalyst ayikwazi ukushintsha izinga lokushintsha ngokomzimba. Lapho i-graphite iguqulwa ibe idayimane, i-catalyst isetshenziselwa ukusheshisa izinga lokusabela. Uma lolu shintsho kuwushintsho olubonakalayo, ingabe kunengqondo ukusebenzisa i-catalyst? Kuyabonakala ukuthi lolu shintsho akulona olungokomzimba.

Kafushane, ukuguqulwa kwedayimane ne-graphite ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuwushintsho lwamakhemikhali. Ukuguqulwa okufanayo kwama-allomorphs ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuwushintsho lwamakhemikhali. Abanye abantu bathi ukuguqulwa kwedayimane ne-graphite ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuyinqubo yokushintsha ngokomzimba. Lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ukushintsha kwamandla kuvame ukuhambisana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kushintsha kwamandla kungavezwa ngesimo samandla okukhanya, amandla kagesi, amandla emishini, noma amandla ashisayo. Ivame ukuboniswa ngendlela yokushisa, ngezinye izikhathi ikhulula ukushisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibamba ukushisa.

(The Gorgeous Transformation)