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Manganese Dioxide MnO2 CAS 1313-13-9

Item No.: TR-MnO2 Manganese dioxide is a black amorphous powder or black rhombic crystals. Solubility: Difficult to dissolve in water, weak acid, weak base, nitric acid, cold sulfuric acid, and dissolve in conc.Purity: 96.6%,72%.Particle Size: 1-3um

About Manganese Dioxide MnO2:
Manganese dioxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MnO2, which exists in the form of pyrolusite in nature. Physical properties: black amorphous powder, or black orthorhombic crystals. Solubility: hardly soluble in water, weak acid, weak base, nitric acid, cold sulfuric acid, pulverize concentrated hydrochloric acid under heating to produce chlorine.

If you want to know manganese dioxide price/MnO2 price/manganese oxide price, please send inquiry to sales1@rboschco.com

MnO2 is an alpha polymorph that can incorporate various atoms (and water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedrons. People are very interested in α-MnO2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.

Manganese dioxide is an amphoteric oxide. It is a very stable black powdery solid at room temperature and can be used as a depolarizer for dry batteries. It is often used in the laboratory to produce chlorine by its oxidizing property and the action of concentrated HCl. Manganese dioxide is a strong oxidant in acidic media. Manganese dioxide is an [MnO₂] octahedron. The oxygen atom is on the top of the octahedron, and the manganese atom is in the octahedron. [MnO₂] octahedrons are connected together to form a single or double chain. These chains and other chains co-top to form The tunnel structure of voids, octahedrons or hexagonal close-packed, or square close-packed.

Manganese 2 oxide is an amphoteric oxide, and there is a corresponding salt in the form of a perovskite structure such as BaMnO3 or SrMnO3 (obtained by a compound reaction in a molten alkali system), and manganese tetrachloride is also present.

When electrolytic manganese dioxide encounters a reducing agent, it is oxidizing. For example, manganese dioxide is heated in a stream of hydrogen to 1400K to obtain manganese oxide; manganese dioxide is heated in a stream of ammonia to obtain brown-black manganese trioxide; the manganese dioxide is reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid to obtain l chlorine Manganese, chlorine and water.

When manganese dioxide encounters strong oxidants, it also exhibits reducibility. If manganese dioxide, potassium carbonate and potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate are mixed and melted, a dark green melt can be obtained, and the melt can be dissolved in water and cooled to obtain potassium manganate, a compound of hexavalent manganese.

Manganese dioxide is a strong oxidant in acidic media. It is used as a catalyst in the decomposition of potassium chlorate [KClO3] and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2).

Due to the strong oxidant, manganese dioxide does not burn by itself, but it supports combustion and should not be placed with flammable materials. Feel free to send an inquiry to get the latest price if you would like to buy Manganese Dioxide MnO2 in bulk.

Product Performance of Manganese Dioxide MnO2 CAS 1313-13-9:
Physical properties: black amorphous powder, or black rhombic crystals. Solubility: Difficult to dissolve in water, weak acid, weak base, nitric acid, cold sulfuric acid, and dissolve in concentrated hydrochloric acid under heating to produce chlorine gas.

Chemical properties: Manganese dioxide is an amphoteric oxide. There is a corresponding salt in the form of a perovskite structure such as BaMnO3 or SrMnO3 (obtained by a compound reaction in a molten alkali system). There is also manganese tetrachloride.

When meeting the reducing agent, it shows an oxidizing property. If manganese dioxide is placed in a stream of hydrogen and heated to 1400K to obtain manganese oxide; manganese dioxide is heated in a stream of ammonia to obtain brown-black manganese trioxide; reacting manganese dioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces l chloride Manganese chloride, chlorine and water.

When it meets strong oxidants, it also shows reducing property. It is a strong oxidant in an acid medium.

Manganese Dioxide Composition:

MnO2	H2O	Fe	Cu	Pb	Ni	Co	Hg	Acid insoluble	sulfate
92.33%	2.17%	65ppm	0.5ppm	0.5ppm	2.0ppm	2.0ppm	47ppm	0.01%	1.2%

How is Manganese Dioxide MnO2 produced?
Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a large amount of manganese trioxide. Only a limited number of deposits contain gamma modifiers of sufficient purity to meet the needs of the battery industry.

The production of batteries and ferrites (the two main uses of manganese dioxide) requires high-purity manganese dioxide. The battery needs "electrolytic manganese dioxide", and the ferrite needs "chemical manganese dioxide".
1. Chemical Manganese Dioxide
One method is to start with natural manganese dioxide and then use dinitrogen tetroxide and water to convert it into a solution of manganese (II) nitrate. The evaporation of water leaves crystallized nitrates. At a temperature of 400°C, the salt decomposes, releasing N2O4 and leaving a pure manganese dioxide residue. These two steps can be summarized as:
MnO2 +N2O4⇌Mn（NO3）2

2. Carbothermal reduction of manganese dioxide
In another method, manganese dioxide is carbothermal reduced to manganese (II) oxide dissolved in sulfuric acid. The filtered solution was treated with ammonium carbonate to precipitate MnCO.
The carbonate is calcined in air to obtain a mixture of manganese (II) and manganese (IV) oxides. To complete the process, the suspension of the material in sulfuric acid is treated with sodium chlorate. The chloric acid formed in situ can convert any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides into carbon dioxide, releasing chlorine by-products.

3. Manganese epoxide and manganese monoxide
The third method involves manganese epoxide and manganese monoxide. The two reagents are mixed in a ratio of 1:3 to form manganese dioxide:
Mn2O7 + 3 MnO→5 MnO2
Finally, the effect of potassium permanganate on manganese sulfate crystals produces the desired oxide.
2 KMnO4 + 3 MnSO4 + 2 H2O→5 MnO2 + K2SO4 + 2 H2SO4

4. Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide
Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is used in zinc-carbon batteries together with zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. EMD has also commonly used in manganese zinc dioxide rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) batteries. For these applications, purity is critical. The production method of EMD is similar to the production method of electrolytic ductile pitch (ETP) copper: manganese dioxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid (sometimes mixed with manganese sulfate) and electricity is applied between the two electrodes. The dissolved MnO2 enters the solution in the form of sulfate and is deposited on the anode.

Applications of Manganese Dioxide MnO2:
Manganese dioxide is a black or brown solid, naturally present in the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and manganese nodules.

The main use of MnO2 is for dry batteries, such as alkaline batteries and zinc-carbon batteries.

MnO2 is also used as a precursor for pigments and other manganese compounds (such as KMnO4). It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example for the oxidation of allyl alcohol.

MnO2 is used as a depolarizer for dry batteries, as a catalyst and oxidant in the synthesis industry, and as a colorant, decolorant and iron removal agent in the glass industry and enamel industry.

MnO2 is used to manufacture metallic manganese, special alloys, ferromanganese castings, gas masks and ferrites for electronic materials.

MnO2 can be used in the rubber industry to increase the viscosity of rubber.

MnO2 is used as a catalyst in chemical experiments：

Used as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide) to produce oxygen.

Used as a catalyst when heating potassium chlorate to decompose and produce oxygen.

It reacts with elemental aluminum powder to produce manganese by a thermite reaction.

Use pigments, yellow glass, etc.

React with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce chlorine.

It reacts with molten caustic potassium (potassium hydroxide) in the air to produce potassium manganate.

In the decomposition reaction of potassium permanganate, manganese dioxide acts as a self-catalyst for potassium permanganate.

Storage Condition of Manganese Dioxide MnO2 Powder:
Precautions for storage: Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat. It should be stored separately from combustibles (combustibles), reducing agents and acids, and avoid mixed storage. The storage area should be equipped with suitable materials to contain the leakage.

Packing & Shipping of Manganese Dioxide MnO2 Powder:
We have many different kinds of packing which depends on the Manganese Dioxide MnO2 Powder quantity.
Manganese Dioxide MnO2 Powder packing: vacuum packing, 1kg/bag, 25kg/barrel, or as your request.
Manganese Dioxide MnO2 Powder: could be shipped out by sea , by air, by express as soon as possible once payment receipt.

Manganese Dioxide Properties
Other Names	manganese oxide, MnO2 powder
CAS No.	1313-13-9
Compound Formula	MnO2
Molecular Weight	86.94
Appearance	Black Powder
Melting Point	535 °C
Boiling Point	N/A
Density	5.03 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O	Insoluble
Exact Mass	86.9279


Manganese Dioxide Health & Safety Information
Signal Word	Warning
Hazard Statements	H302 + H332
Hazard Codes	Xn, O
Risk Codes	N/A
Safety Statements	N/A
Transport Information	NONH

Properties and Applications of Tungsten Rods

The tungsten rod is a rod-shaped material made from tungsten, which has advantages such as good density, high melting point, good thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. It is widely used in manufacturing various high-temperature heating equipment and high-precision components.Basic characteristics of tungsten rodsHigh density: The density of tungsten rods is 19.35g/cm3, one of the highest densities among metal materials. Its high-density characteristics make tungsten rods less prone to deformation and warping during manufacturing, ensuring their structural stability and reliability.High melting point: The melting point of tungsten rods is as high as 3410 ℃, which can maintain good stability at high temperatures and will not melt or decompose. This characteristic enables tungsten rods to have excellent thermal stability and corrosion resistance in high-temperature environments and is widely used in high-temperature heating equipment and pipelines.Good thermal conductivity: Tungsten rods have good thermal conductivity, which can quickly transfer heat to surface of heating elements, thereby improving heating efficiency.Corrosion resistance: Tungsten rods are not easily oxidized or corroded in high-temperature environments and can resist various chemical corrosion.Application fields of tungsten rodsIndustrial field: In the industrial field, tungsten rods are widely used to manufacture high-temperature heating equipment, high-temperature pipelines, chemical equipment, etc. In addition, tungsten rods can also be used to manufacture high-precision electronic components and components, such as circuit boards, connectors, etc.In architecture, tungsten rods are mainly used for structural support and decoration. Due to its high density, strength, and corrosion resistance, tungsten rods can manufacture high-level bridges, support structures for high-rise buildings, and more. At the same time, the luxurious texture and elegant colors of tungsten rods also make them excellent decorative materials for high-end buildings.Medical field: In the medical field, tungsten rods are widely used in producing surgical instruments, implants, and orthotics due to their non-toxic and non-radioactive characteristics. In addition, tungsten rods can also be used to make high-precision and corrosion-resistant laboratory and diagnostic equipment.Production process of tungsten rodsThe production process of tungsten rods mainly includes processes such as batching, forging, and heat treatment. The specific process is as follows:Ingredients: Select appropriate metal raw materials for ingredients according to product requirements.Forging: Heat the ingredients before forging, and strictly control the temperature and deformation to ensure stable product performance.Heat treatment: Heat treats the forged product to eliminate internal stress and improve its mechanical properties.Other processing: Surface treatment, mechanical processing, etc., according to product requirements.Future development direction of tungsten rodsWith the continuous progress of technology and the increasing demand for applications, the future development of tungsten rods will mainly focus on the following aspects:High performance: To meet the demand for high-performance materials in different fields, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of tungsten rods are improved by changing their composition, microstructure, and processing technology. For example, by adding trace elements or using special processing techniques, tungsten rods' high-temperature strength, hardness, or corrosion resistance can be improved.Environmental protection: With the improvement of environmental awareness, more attention will be paid to the environmental pollution problem during the production of tungsten rods. Develop environmentally friendly production processes and technologies, reduce environmental pollution loads, and achieve sustainable development. For example, adopting environmentally friendly production processes and equipment to reduce waste gas, wastewater, and slag emissions and improve resource utilization efficiency.Functionalization: Utilizing surface coating, doping, and other technical means, tungsten rods can have specific functional properties and expand their application range. For example, developing tungsten-based biomaterials with antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, and other biological activities will play a greater role in medicine.Composite: Composite with other materials to form composite materials with excellent performance, further improving tungsten rods' application value and effectiveness. For example, by combining tungsten rods with materials such as ceramics and glass, new materials with high-temperature performance and good toughness can be obtained.Intelligentization: By combining modern technology, microelectronic devices such as intelligent sensors and micro actuators are integrated into tungsten rod substrates to achieve intelligent and multifunctional materials. For example, combining microelectronic devices with tungsten rods can create high-temperature electronic components with adaptive capabilities.ConclusionIn short, as a material with broad application prospects, tungsten rods will continue to develop and progress in the future. With the continuous improvement of technology and the expansion of using fields, tungsten rods will play an important role in more fields, bringing more convenience and benefits to human production and life.About RBOSCHCORBOSCHCO is a trusted global chemical material supplier & manufacturer with over 12 years experience in providing super high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. The company export to many countries, such as USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania,Kenya,Egypt,Nigeria,Cameroon,Uganda,Turkey,Mexico,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Cyprus,Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. As a leading nanotechnology development manufacturer, KMPASS dominates the market. Our professional work team provides perfect solutions to help improve the efficiency of various industries, create value, and easily cope with various challenges. If you are looking for tungsten rods, please send an email to: sales1@rboschco.com

Sep 20

2023

Preparation and Application of Graphite

Graphite is a non-metallic element with excellent conductivity and chemical stability and is widely used in industry and daily life. This article will introduce the basic properties, preparation methods, application fields, and development directions of graphite.1. Basic properties of graphiteGraphite is an allotrope of carbon elements, consisting of hexagonal honeycomb-like structures composed of carbon atoms, and is a type of layered crystal. Graphite has excellent thermal conductivity, second only to copper in conductivity, and can be used for manufacturing electrodes, heat exchangers, etc. In addition, graphite also has corrosion and oxidation resistance, which can exist stably under high temperatures and pressure, making it a good corrosion-resistant material.There are various forms of graphite, including crystalline, flake, and spherical shapes. Among them, flake graphite is a common industrial graphite with high purity and low impurity content. Spherical graphite is a high-quality form with high conductivity and low resistivity, which can be used to manufacture high-precision electronic components.2. Preparation method of graphiteThere are two main methods for preparing graphite: natural and artificial. Natural graphite is a material extracted from natural mineral deposits, with high purity and low cost. Artificial graphite is a material prepared through chemical synthesis with high structural stability and mechanical strength.The preparation process of natural graphite mainly includes three steps: ore collection, selection, and graphitization. Graphitization is the heat treatment of graphite at high temperatures to improve its crystal structure and physical properties. The preparation methods of artificial graphite mainly include silicon carbide epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, etc. Among them, the silicon carbide epitaxy method is to epitaxial grow graphite materials on the silicon carbide template, the chemical vapor deposition method is to deposit graphite materials on the substrate with gaseous compounds under the action of catalysts, and the sol-gel method is to prepare graphite materials with organometallic compounds in solution.3. Application Fields of GraphiteGraphite is a multifunctional material with extensive applications in industry and daily life.Refractory material: Graphite has excellent high-temperature and corrosion resistance, making it widely used in refractory materials. Graphite products, including refractory bricks, crucibles, high-temperature furnaces, etc., have high thermal stability and corrosion resistance and can be used for high-temperature smelting and processing.Casting material: Graphite has good wear and corrosion resistance and can be used to manufacture casting molds and wear-resistant parts. Graphite molds can produce non-ferrous metal castings, such as aluminum and copper, with high accuracy and long service life.Lubricant: Graphite has good lubrication performance and can be used to manufacture lubricants and greases. Graphite lubricants can be used to lubricate various mechanical equipment, such as machine tools, gearboxes, etc., reducing friction and improving equipment efficiency and lifespan.Sealing material: Graphite has good performance and corrosion resistance and can be used to produce sealing materials and components. Graphite seals can be used in various chemical reaction kettles, chemical equipment, and other occasions to prevent gas and liquid leakage.Conductive material: Graphite has excellent thermal conductivity and can be used to manufacture conductive and heat-dissipation materials. Graphite conductive materials can manufacture electrical contact materials such as electrode brushes and heat sinks for electronic components.Biomedical field: Graphite has good biocompatibility and biological activity and can be used in the biomedical field. In biomedicine, graphite is used to make medical devices such as artificial joints, fixed parts, and surface coatings of biomaterials.Other fields: In addition to the above applications, graphite can also be used to make pencil leads, electrode materials, battery-negative electrode materials, etc.4. The Development Direction of GraphiteWith science and technology's continuous development and progress, graphite, as a non-metallic material, still has broad development prospects. The future development direction of graphite mainly includes the following aspects:Development of high-purity graphite: High-purity graphite has higher conductivity and chemical stability and can be applied in high-precision electronic components and other fields. Therefore, developing high-purity graphite has become one of the current research hotspots.Research and development of new preparation technologies: There are still some shortcomings in the preparation methods of graphite, such as high cost and low production efficiency. Therefore, developing new graphite preparation technologies, such as the chemical vapor deposition method, has become one of the current research focuses.Development of functional composite materials: Functional composite materials refers to combining two or more different materials to obtain materials with excellent performance. In future development, it can be studied to composite graphite with other materials to obtain graphite composite materials with better conductivity, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties.Environmental protection and sustainable development: With the continuous improvement of environmental protection and sustainable development awareness, the future graphite industry also needs to pay attention to environmental protection and sustainable development issues. For example, environmentally friendly processes and technologies should be adopted in production; Attention should be paid to resource conservation and recycling during use.In summary, as a non-metallic material, graphite has wide application prospects in industry and daily life. In future development, attention should be paid to the development of high-purity graphite, the research and development of new preparation technologies, the development of functional composite materials, and environmental and sustainable development issues to promote the sustainable development of the graphite industry.About RBOSCHCORBOSCHCO is a trusted global chemical material supplier & manufacturer with over 12 years experience in providing super high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. The company export to many countries, such as USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania,Kenya,Egypt,Nigeria,Cameroon,Uganda,Turkey,Mexico,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Cyprus,Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. As a leading nanotechnology development manufacturer, RBOSCHCO dominates the market. Our professional work team provides perfect solutions to help improve the efficiency of various industries, create value, and easily cope with various challenges. If you are looking for graphite powder, please send an email to: sales1@rboschco.com

Sep 13

2023

Preparation Method of Boron Carbide

Boron carbide (B4C) is a carbon compound with excellent properties, such as high hardness, melting point, and heat transfer. It is widely used in industries, military, aerospace, and other fields. This article will introduce the preparation methods, influencing factors, performance characterization, and application fields of boron carbide, providing references for research and application in related fields.Preparation methodThe preparation methods of boron carbide mainly include the carbon thermal reduction method, arc melting method, and chemical vapour deposition method.Carbothermal reduction methodThe carbon thermal reduction method is commonly used for preparing boron carbide. This method uses boric acid and carbon black (or graphite) as raw materials and generates boron carbide and carbon dioxide through a high-temperature melting reaction. The reaction equation is B2O3+3C → B4C+CO. The reaction temperature is generally 1500-1700 ℃. The advantages of this method are a simple process and low cost, but the purity of the prepared boron carbide is low, making it difficult to meet the high purity requirements.Arc melting methodThe arc melting method involves boric acid or borax's heating and melting reaction with graphite electrodes in an arc to generate boron carbide. The reaction equation is B2O3+3C → B4C. The reaction temperature is generally 1800~2000 ℃. The boron carbide prepared by this method has high purity and fine particles, but the process is complex and expensive.Chemical vapour deposition methodThe chemical vapour deposition method utilizes the reaction of gaseous borane and carbon black at high temperatures to generate boron carbide. The reaction equation is B2H6+6C → B4C+6H2. The reaction temperature is generally between 1000~1200 ℃. The boron carbide prepared by this method has high purity and fine particle size, but the process is complex and expensive.Influencing factorsThe factors affecting the preparation of boron carbide mainly include raw material quality, preparation temperature, and insulation time.Raw material qualityThe quality of raw materials is very important factor affecting the preparation of boron carbide. The purity and particle size of boric acid and carbon black (or graphite) impact the preparation and quality of boron carbide. The higher the purity and the more uniform the particle size, the better the quality of the prepared boron carbide.Preparation temperatureThe preparation temperature is a key factor affecting the preparation of boron carbide. High or low temperatures can affect the generation and purity of boron carbide. Generally speaking, the higher the preparation temperature, the faster the generation rate of boron carbide. However, excessive temperature can lead to the volatilization of boron and the excessive oxidation of carbon, affecting the quality of boron carbide. Therefore, selecting the appropriate preparation temperature is crucial.Holding time Holding time is also one of the factors affecting the preparation of boron carbide. At a certain temperature, the longer the holding time, the more complete the reaction of boron carbide. However, if it is too long, it will lead to the volatilization of boron and excessive oxidation of carbon, affecting the quality of boron carbide. Therefore, choosing the appropriate insulation time is also crucial.Performance characterizationThe performance characterization of boron carbide mainly includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties.physical propertyThe physical properties of boron carbide mainly include density, conductivity, thermal conductivity, etc. Among them, the density is 2.52g/cm3, the conductivity is 10-6S/m, and the thermal conductivity is 97W/m · K.chemical propertyBoron carbide has chemical stability and is not easily reactive with acids and alkalis. B4C can react with O2, H2O, etc. at high temperatures to generate B2O3, CO, etc. In addition, B4C also has antioxidant and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for long-term use in high-temperature and corrosive environments.Mechanical property Boron carbide has characteristics such as high hardness, melting point, and heat transfer, making it widely used in industries, military, aerospace, and other fields. Among them, the hardness is 3500kg/mm2, the melting point is 2450 ℃, and the heat transfer rate is 135W/m · K. In addition, boron carbide also has good wear and corrosion resistance, which can maintain its performance in complex working conditions.Application fieldBoron carbide is widely used in industries, military, aerospace, and the other fields due to its excellent performance.Industrial sectorBoron carbide is mainly used in the industrial field to produce high-performance products such as abrasives, grinding tools, cutting blades, drill bits, etc. In addition, due to its high hardness and wear resistance, boron carbide can also be used to make ceramic composite materials, wear-resistant parts, etc.Military fieldBoron carbide is widely used in producing protective armour for military equipment such as armoured vehicles and tanks due to its high hardness and impact resistance. In addition, due to its high heat transfer performance, boron carbide can also be used to make heat sinks in military communication equipment.About RBOSCHCORBOSCHCO is a trusted global chemical material supplier & manufacturer with over 12 years experience in providing super high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. The company export to many countries, such as USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania,Kenya,Egypt,Nigeria,Cameroon,Uganda,Turkey,Mexico,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Cyprus,Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. As a leading nanotechnology development manufacturer, RBOSCHCO dominates the market. Our professional work team provides perfect solutions to help improve the efficiency of various industries, create value, and easily cope with various challenges. If you are looking for boron carbide, please send an email to: sales1@rboschco.com

Sep 06

2023

Hafnium Hydride at High Pressure

hafnium hydride is a refractory, face-centered cubic or tetragonal crystal that is formed by reacting hafnium with hydrogen gas. It is typically produced as an intermediate in the process of making hafnium powder from mass hafnium metal.The structure of most transition metal hydrides is CaF2 (Fm-3m space group) where the metal atoms form a face-centered cubic lattice while the hydrogen atoms occupy the tetrahedron centers. The group IVB dihydrides TiH2, ZrH2 and HfH2 display a much more basic face-centered tetragonal (fct) cell structure of the I4/mmm space group and exhibit fascinating superconducting properties6,7,8.Stable phases of HfH2 under pressureA comprehensive investigation of the pressure-induced phase transformations and properties of a unique, high-Tc superconductor, HfH2, under high pressure has been performed using structural searches, first-principle calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that a metastable stochiometric HfH9 is formed by the stabilization of a unique, H12 tube-like structure in a HfH3 framework under 200 GPa.Hydrogen-rich hydrides are important materials in search of exotic properties such as high-Tc superconductivity3,4 and the existence of diverse hydrogen chemistries at high pressure is key to these efforts5,6. This study provides a new insight into the chemistry of hydrogen-rich hydrides, which will lead to better understanding of their structural and electronic properties under high pressure.The bonding nature of HfH2 is studied by electron localization function (ELF), difference charge density and Bader charge analyses, which reveal that the ionic bond is formed between Hf and H atoms and that HfH2 is classified as an ionic crystal with the charges transferring from Hf to H atoms. These findings are complemented by the structural studies of I4/mmm, Cmma and P21/m at 100, 200 and 250 GPa, which show that the HfH2 can be characterized as a stable crystalline phase under these conditions.

Jul 25

2023

The Chemical Formula For Calcium Nitride

Calcium is a nutrient that your body uses for healthy bones and teeth. It also plays a role in the control of blood pressure and maintains heartbeats.It is a member of the alkaline earth elements group and serves as an alloying agent for other metals such as aluminum and beryllium. It is found in many industrial materials such as cement and mortar.The chemical formula for calcium nitride is Ca3N2 (Ca-N-O). It has an atomic number of 20 and a valency of +2.How is this compound produced?Calcium nitride is produced from elemental calcium and nitrogen. It is a red-brown, crystalline solid that is formed when the calcium reacts with air to form the oxide, CaO.To produce calcium nitride, a fine fibrous calcium metal purified by distillation is placed in a nickel boat and heated at 450 for 3 4 h in pure N2 gas flow. At this temperature, the metallic calcium undergoes a crystal transformation into a hexagonal crystal (body-centered cubic), which loosens its lattice structure and allows the nitriding reaction to occur.Calcium nitride is widely used as a catalyst for the synthesis of other compounds, as a reagent for metal alloying, as a desiccant and a chemical analysis reagent, and as a raw material in the production of light-emitting diode (LED) phosphors. It is also a significant hydrogen storage reagent and a critical material in advanced fuel cells.

Apr 16

2023

Modified Tribo-Phosphorylated Phosphoric Acid (ModTP)

Modified Tribo-Phosphorylated Phosphoric Acid (modtp) is an additive in lubricants that imparts antifriction, antiwear, and antioxidation properties. It can be used in engine oils, hydraulic oils and greases.Compared with other tribo-polyphosphates, molybdenum dialkyl phosphorodithioate (modtp) complexes have a higher tribological performance at low temperatures and low loads. In addition, it has good oxidation resistance, which can extend the shelf life of lubricants.Four modtp complexes with alkyl chain lengths ranging from C5 to C10 have been synthesized and their antifriction, antiwear and antioxidant properties have been characterized vis-a-vis commercial molybdenum dithiophosphate. The synthesized products exhibit appreciable anti-friction, antiwear and antioxidant performance in mineral oil, base oil and finished engine oil and are comparable to commercial modtp.The tribological behavior of piston ring sliding against grey cast iron cylinder liner under the lubrication of petroleum based engine oil SJ/5W-30 containing molybdenum dithiocarbomate (MoDTC) or molybdenum dithiophosphate (modtp) was studied in reciprocating test rigs at different temperatures. The friction coefficient curve of both compounds exhibited a "V" shape when the test temperature increased from 125degC to 320degC.The tribofilm formed by MoDTC was mainly composed of MoS2 while that formed by modtp was largely composed of FePOSUB 4. The tribofilm of MoDTC was significantly more effective in reducing the friction than that of modtp. The tribofilm of MoDTC had a lower oxidation tendency than that of modtp.

Apr 16

2023

Titanium Nitride and Its Applications

Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to carry current. Titanium is a poor conductor of electricity as its outermost orbital 4s2 is completely filled leaving electrons in the down orbital 3d2 that are unavailable for carrying current through it.The electrical properties of titanium vary with temperature. When it is heated, its electrical conductivity decreases as electrons are lost from the atom.Nitride is a compound formed by a nitrogen atom and a metal. It is commonly used as a dielectric coating to protect or harden the surfaces of conductive metals such as copper and insulator materials like thermal oxides.Typical applications of nitride include creating a barrier layer between a silicon chip and a metal contact. It is also used as a conductive connection between metal connectors on microelectronic circuit boards.Refractory nitrides, such as TiN, have fascinating superconducting properties. When a thin film of TiN is chilled to absolute zero, it converts into a first-ever superinsulator!It is used to coat the edges of metal parts and tools such as drill bits, milling cutters, and punches. The coating increases lubricity and reduces friction, improving tool life up to 7 times over uncoated tools. It also improves corrosive resistance and minimizes galling between sliding mold components.Tantalum nitride TaN powder can be used as an additive for superhard materials to produce pure tantalum pentachloride, which can be sprayed and improve the electrical stability of transformers, integrated circuits, and diodes. It is a low-cost, high-performance nanomaterial that is suited for spraying and application in various industries.

Apr 15

2023

Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum Alloys

cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are used in the medical industry for applications such as orthopedic implants. Their popularity has waned due to their limited hardness and tribological properties, leading to the development of alternative systems.In orthopaedics, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys have been widely used in hip replacements and other metal-on-metal prostheses because of their high strength. However, complications such as loosening and tissue necrosis have been reported. These have been attributed to the alloy’s biocompatibility.Alloys of this type are manufactured using a range of processing techniques, including casting and wrought forging. Some are fabricated through spark plasma sintering, which results in an alloy with carbide-free microstructures.The influence of chromium and molybdenum content on the phases present in a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum system is investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanomechanical, and electrochemical behavior. The results indicate that the hardness of the alloys increases in line with the increasing chromium content, and reduces with increasing molybdenum content.In addition, the open-circuit potential, polarization resistivity, and linear sweep voltammetry disclose that passivity improves in line with the increasing Cr content, whereas reduced modulus demonstrates an inflection at 30 wt% of Cr. These findings are in agreement with previous research on the metallurgical properties of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum systems.Cobalt-based alloys possess many desirable properties, such as heat resistance (strong at very high temperatures), wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. They are generally categorized into softer and harder grades, based on the crystallographic nature of cobalt (its sensitivity to stress), the solid-solution-strengthening effects of chromium, tungsten, and molybdenum, the formation of metal carbides, and the corrosion resistance imparted by chromium. The softer and tougher compositions are usually employed in high-temperature applications such as gas turbine vanes and buckets, while the more rigid grades are used to withstand wear and tear.

Apr 15

2023

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