What is Surfactant?

Surfactant, also called surface-active agent, is a substance, such as a detergent, which, when added to a liquid, reduces the surface tension and thereby improves the spreadability and wettability of a surfactant. In dyeing textiles, surfactants help the dye to permeate the fabric evenly. They are used to disperse water-based suspensions of insoluble dyes and spices.

Surface active molecules must be partially hydrophilic (water-soluble) and partially lipophilic (soluble in lipids or oils). It concentrates on the interface between the water body or droplet and the oil body or liposome and acts as an emulsifier or foaming agent.

Other surfactants that are more oleophilic and less hydrophilic can be used as defoaming agents or demulsifiers. Some surfactants are fungicides, fungicides, and insecticides.

Surfactants are used for corrosion inhibition, ore flotation, facilitating the flow of oil in porous rocks, and generating aerosols.

What is a surfactant used for? 

The surface-active agent in many practical applications and products such as detergents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and defoaming agents plays an important role, including detergent, fabric softener, soap, paint, oil, emulsion, adhesives, printing ink, wax antifogging, skiing, snowboarding, wax, recycled paper deinking, flotation, washing, and enzymatic process as well as a laxative. Agricultural chemicals are also used, such as herbicides (some), insecticides, biocides (disinfectants), and spermicides (nonoxynol-9). Personal care products such as cosmetics, shampoo, body wash, conditioner, and toothpaste. Surfactants are used in fire fighting and piping (liquid drag reducers). Basic surfactant polymers are used to make oil flow in Wells.

What are common types of surfactants? 

The hydrophilic head of each surfactant is charged. The charge can be negative, positive, or neutral. Surfactants are classified as anionic, nonionic, cationic, or amphoteric based on the charge of the hydrophilic head. 

Anionic surfactant 

Anionic surfactants have a negative charge at their hydrophilic end. A negative charge helps surfactant molecules lift and suspend dirt in micelles. Because of their ability to erode a wide range of dirt, anionic surfactants are often used in soaps and detergents. Anionic surfactants produce large amounts of foam when mixed. While anionic surfactants are great for lifting and suspending granular dirt, they are not as good at emulsifying oily dirt. 

Sulfates, sulfonates, and gluconates are examples of anionic surfactants.

Nonionic surfactant 

Nonionic surfactants are neutral and do not have any charge at their hydrophilic ends.  Non-ionic surfactants are very good at emulsifying oil and are superior to anionic surfactants in removing organic dirt. Both are often used together to create dual-action, multi-purpose cleaners that not only lift and suspend granular dirt but also emulsify oily dirt. 

Some non-ionic surfactants can be non-foaming or low foaming. This makes them ideal as an ingredient in low-foam detergents. 

Nonionic surfactants have a unique property called turbidity points. Turbidity point The temperature at which the nonionic surfactant begins to separate from the cleaning solution is called phase separation. When this happens, the cleaning solution becomes cloudy.  This is considered the optimum temperature for detergency. For low foam detergent, the best detergency is at the turbidity point; For foam cleaners, the best detergency is either just below the cloud point or at the beginning of the cloud point. The stirring of the low-foaming detergent is sufficient to prevent phase separation. 

The turbidity point temperature depends on the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic parts of the nonionic surfactant. Some are at room temperature, while others are very high. Some non-ionic surfactants do not have turbidity points because they have a very high ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic parts. 

Some common examples of nonionic surfactants include cotinamide, ethoxylates, and alkoxylates.

Cationic surfactant 

Cationic surfactants have a positive charge at their hydrophilic end. A positive charge makes them useful in antistatic products such as fabric softeners. Cationic surfactants also act as antibacterial agents and are therefore commonly used in disinfectants. 

Cationic surfactants cannot be used with anionic surfactants. If positively charged cationic surfactants are mixed with negatively charged anionic surfactants, they fall out of the solution and are no longer effective. However, cationic and non-ionic surfactants are compatible.

Some common examples of cationic surfactants include alkyl ammonium chloride. 

Amphoteric surfactant 

Amphoteric surfactants have double charges at their hydrophilic ends, both positive and negative. The double charges cancel each other out, producing a zero net charge, called a zwitterion. The pH of any given solution will determine how the amphoteric surfactant will react. In acidic solutions, amphoteric surfactants are positively charged and behave like cationic surfactants. In alkaline solutions, they generate negative charges, similar to anionic surfactants.

Amphoteric surfactants are commonly used in personal care products, such as shampoos and cosmetics. Some examples of commonly used amphoteric surfactants are betaine and amine oxides.

Surfactant Price

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What is Graphene?

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name derives from "graphite" and the suffix: -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains many double bonds. 

Each atom in the graphene sheet is bonded to its three closest neighbors by a strong sigma bond, forming a valence band with an electron stretching across the entire sheet. This is the same type of bonding seen in carbon nanotubes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and (in part) in fullerenes and glass carbons. The valence band contacts the conduction band, making graphene a semi-metal with unusual electronic properties best described by the theory of massless relativistic particles. Charge carriers in graphene show a linear rather than quadratic dependence of energy on momentum, and field-effect transistors with graphene can be made to show bipolar conduction. Charge transport is ballistic transport over long distances; The material exhibits large quantum oscillations and large nonlinear diamagnetism. Graphene conducts heat and electricity very efficiently along its plane.  The material strongly absorbs light at all visible wavelengths, which explains the black color of graphite; However, because of their extreme thinness, individual graphene sheets are almost transparent. The material is also about 100 times stronger than the strongest steel of the same thickness. 

Graphene is a valuable and useful nanomaterial because of its extremely high tensile strength, electrical conductivity, transparency, and the thinnest two-dimensional material in the world. The global graphene market was $9 million in 2012, with much of the demand coming from semiconductor, electronics, battery, and composite research and development.

What is graphene used for and why? 

Graphene is the strongest material in the world and can be used to strengthen other materials. Dozens of researchers have shown that adding even trace amounts of graphene to plastics, metals or other materials can make those materials stronger or lighter (because you can use a small amount of material to achieve the same strength). 

Such graphene-reinforced composites could find uses in aerospace, building materials, mobile devices, and many other applications. 

Graphene is the most thermally conductive material ever found. Due to graphene's high strength and lightweight, this means it is an excellent material for creating cooling solutions such as fins or membranes. This is useful both for microelectronics, such as making LED lighting more efficient and durable, and for larger applications, such as hot foils for mobile devices. 

Because graphene is the thinnest material in the world, it also has an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This makes graphene a very promising material for batteries and supercapacitors. Graphene could allow batteries and supercapacitors (and even fuel cells) to store more energy and charge more quickly. 

Graphene has promising applications in other fields: anticorrosive coatings and coatings, efficient and accurate sensors, faster and more efficient electronics, flexible displays, efficient solar panels, faster DNA sequencing, drug delivery, and more.

Compare graphene VS graphite 

In very basic terms, graphene can be described as a single-atom-thick layer of the common mineral graphite; Graphite is essentially made up of hundreds of thousands of layers of graphene. 

Graphite is the crystalline form of the element carbon. It consists of stacked layers of graphene. Graphite is naturally occurring and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite is widely consumed in pencils, lubricants, and electrodes. At high pressure and temperature, it turns into diamonds. 

Graphite is an impressive mineral with many excellent and outstanding properties, including excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and the highest natural stiffness and strength even at temperatures over 3600 ° C, it is also highly resistant to chemical corrosion and self-lubricity. 

Graphene is essentially a single layer of graphite; A layer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms is arranged in a honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice. However, graphene offers some impressive properties that go beyond those of graphite because it is isolated from its "parent material".  Graphite is naturally a very brittle compound and, due to its pure flat surface, cannot be used as a structural material alone (although it is often used to reinforce steel). Graphene, on the other hand, is the strongest material ever recorded, more than 300 times stronger than A36 structural steel, at 130 Gigapascals, and more than 40 times stronger than diamond. 

Because of graphite's planar structure, its thermal, acoustic, and electronic properties are highly anisotropic, meaning that phonons can travel more easily along the plane than when trying to cross it. Graphene, on the other hand, is a monolayer atom with very high electron mobility, providing an excellent level of electron conduction due to the presence of a free PI (π) electron in each carbon atom.

Graphene Price

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What are Alloys?

An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements, at least one of which is metal. Unlike compounds with metal bases, alloys will retain all of the properties of metals in the resulting material, such as conductivity, ductility, opacity, and gloss, but may have different properties from pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness. In some cases, alloys can reduce the overall cost of the material while retaining important properties. In other cases, mixtures confer synergistic properties on the constituent metal elements, such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. 

An alloy is defined by its metal-binding properties. Alloy composition is usually measured by mass percentage in practical applications and atomic fraction in basic scientific research.  Alloys are usually classified as substitute alloys or interstitial alloys according to the arrangement of atoms forming them. They may be further classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single-phase), heterogeneous (consisting of two or multiple phases), or intermetallic compounds. An alloy may be a solid solution of a metallic element (a single phase in which all metallic grains (crystals) have the same composition) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions that form different crystalline microstructures within the metal). 

Examples of alloys include red gold (gold and copper) platinum (gold and silver), pure silver (silver and copper), steel or silicon (iron and non-metallic carbon or silicon respectively), solders, brass, tin, duralumin, bronze, and amalgam. 

Alloys can be used in a wide range of applications, from steel alloys (used in everything from construction to automobiles to surgical tools) to special titanium alloys for the aerospace industry to beryllium copper alloys for sparkless tools.

What are the Five Metal Alloys?

1.    Steel alloy

Alloy steels include nickel steel, chromium steel, manganese steel, tungsten steel, vanadium steel, and molybdenum steel. Nickel-steel alloy has better elasticity, less brittleness, and higher tensile strength. It also has greater ductility and hardness. It is used to make machine parts, shafts, boilerplates, etc. Steels containing 30% nickel are called invar alloys, which have a low coefficient of thermal expansion.

Chromium steel has greater ultimate strength. It is used for ball bearings, crushers, permanent magnets, shavers, rolling mill rolls, tableware, and so on. It contains between 1% and 2.5% chromium. If the percentage of chromium is high (12%), this alloy is called stainless steel, which is acid resistant, stain and rust-resistant, and can be used in surgical instruments, utensils, decorative accessories, etc. 

Manganese steel contains 2% manganese and is hard and strong. It has high resistance, non-magnetic properties, and a low thermal expansion coefficient. Used for heavy earthmoving equipment, crusher jaw plate, railway track, etc.

Tungsten steel contains 5 to 7 percent tungsten. This is used for lathe tools, drills, chisels, cutters, reamers, etc. 

Vanadium steel has high tensile strength and yield strength. Used for high-speed tools, locomotive castings, engine frame, chassis, crankshaft, axle, spring, etc. 

Molybdenum steel contains 0.2% to 0.3% molybdenum (two other metals, chromium, and manganese, are usually used with molybdenum). It also has a high tensile strength at high temperatures. Used for shafts, gears, axles, automobile, and aircraft parts.

2.    Copper alloy: 

Brass and bronze are important alloys of copper. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc (70% to 85% copper). It is very resistant to corrosion and can be rolled into sheets, turned into tubes, drawn into wires, and cast into the desired shape. 

Add some nickel to the brass to make German silver or nickel silver. 

Bronze is an alloy consisting mainly of copper and tin. Gunmetal, bell metal, and phosphor bronze are various types of bronze. Gun metal contains copper, tin, and zinc. Bell metals contain copper and tin. Phosphor bronze contains copper, tin, and phosphorus.  Manganese bronze contains copper, manganese, aluminum, lead, iron, and zinc, and speculum metal contains copper and zinc. 

Different types of bronze have different uses. They are used in the manufacture of guns, bearings, clocks, underwater structures, axles, and axles. 

3.    Aluminum alloy: 

Aluminum can be alloyed with copper, silicon, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and iron. 

4.  Nickel alloy: 

Monel metal and nickel silver are two nickel alloys. Monel metal contains copper and small amounts of nickel and other metals. Nickel silver or German silver contains copper (50 to 80 percent), zinc (10 to 35 percent), and nickel (5 to 30 percent). It is very white and has good corrosion resistance. Used to make scientific instruments and utensils. 

5.  Magnesium alloy: 

The metallic and electronic metals are magnesium alloys. Dow contains magnesium (87 percent to 97 percent) aluminum (4 percent to 12 percent) and manganese (0.1 percent to 0.4 percent). Electronic metals contain magnesium (95% to 96%), zinc (4%), and small amounts of iron, copper, and silicon. These alloys are very light. They are easy to operate.  They are used to make aircraft parts, furniture frames, and so on.

Metal Alloy Price

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What is a MAX phase material?

The MAX phase material is a natural layered carbonitride inorganic non-metallic material composed of three elements. It has the electrical and thermal conductivity of metal, and also has the high strength, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and other harsh environment service capabilities of structural ceramics. MAX phase materials have gained extensive attention in the fields of high-temperature lubrication, oxidation-resistant coatings, accident-tolerant nuclear materials, self-healing composite materials, and energy materials. MAX phase materials mainly include Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, Ti3SiC2, Ti2SnC, V2AlC, Cr2AlC, Ti2AlN, Nb2AlC, etc.

Transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as Mxenes. MXenes are formed by selectively etching an elemental MAX phase with metallic conductivity, connecting layered solids such as Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2 and Ta4AlC3 through strong metallic, ionic and covalent bonds. The Mxenes combine with hydroxyl and oxygen on the surface of transition metal carbides to terminate the metal conductivity. It is electrically conductive in nature.

What are MAX phase materials used for?

Titanium carbide has the properties of metals and ceramics: it has the same electrical and thermal conductivity as metals, high elastic modulus and excellent high temperature mechanical properties similar to ceramics, and also has good thermal shock resistance and damage resistance. and excellent chemical resistance. MAX phase ceramics have both the excellent properties of metals and ceramics, and have great application potential in many high-tech fields such as aerospace, high-speed rail, and nuclear industry.

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RBOSCHCO is a trusted global chemical material supplier & manufacturer with over 12 years experience in providing super high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. The company export to many countries, such as USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania,Kenya,Egypt,Nigeria,Cameroon,Uganda,Turkey,Mexico,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Cyprus,Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. As a leading nanotechnology development manufacturer, RBOSCHCO dominates the market. Our professional work team provides perfect solutions to help improve the efficiency of various industries, create value, and easily cope with various challenges. If you are looking for Ti3AlC2 powder, please send an email to: sales1@rboschco.com

What is Zinc Stearate Emulsion(Zinc stearate dispersion)?

Zinc stearate is an organic substance with the chemical formula C36H70O4Zn, which is a white powder and insoluble in water. Soluble in hot ethanol, benzene, toluene, turpentine and other organic solvents; decomposed into stearic acid and corresponding salts in the presence of acid; fire hazard under dry conditions, spontaneous ignition point 900 ℃; hygroscopic. The aqueous emulsion of zinc stearate is called aqueous zinc stearate. Mainly used as lubricant and mold release agent for styrene resin, phenolic resin and amine resin. At the same time, it also has the functions of vulcanization activator and softener in rubber.

What is zinc stearate emulsion used for(Zinc stearate dispersion)?

1. It is mainly suitable for water-soluble alkyd, water-soluble polyurethane, water-soluble acrylic acid, acrylic emulsion and other systems. It is an excellent transparent putty filler, which is easy to polish and has anti-settling effect.

2. Water-based paint: used for high-quality water-based paint, with good transparency, fast defoaming, good stability, good anti-settling, fast drying, easy dispersion, easy grinding, improving the hydrophobicity of the coating surface and improving the paint film Outstanding performance in feel.

3. Water-based ink: It has good economy, filling, stability, anti-sinking and waterproofing, and can be used as a flattening agent.

4. Textile products: It can be used as a polishing agent to improve the hydrophobicity of the surface.

5. Cosmetic products: It can be used as a lubricant to improve the smoothness of the surface.

6. Paper industry: It can be used as a waterproof and anti-sticking agent, and it can be used as a water-repellent coating on the surface of specific paper, thermal paper coated paper, self-adhesive paper, etc., with good lubricating and stabilizing effects.

7. Grinding sandpaper: It can be used as a grinding aid to improve the sandability, abrasion resistance and waterproofness of the surface.

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RBOSCHCO is a trusted global chemical material supplier & manufacturer with over 12 years experience in providing super high-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. The company export to many countries, such as USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania,Kenya,Egypt,Nigeria,Cameroon,Uganda,Turkey,Mexico,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Cyprus,Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. As a leading nanotechnology development manufacturer, RBOSCHCO dominates the market. Our professional work team provides perfect solutions to help improve the efficiency of various industries, create value, and easily cope with various challenges. If you are looking for Zinc Stearate Emulsion, please send an email to: sales1@rboschco.com

What is copper powder? 

Copper is the earliest discovered chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Cu, atomic number is 29, and atomic weight is 63.546 U. 

Pure copper is a soft metal, the surface for red-orange, when just cut with a metallic luster, good ductility, high thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity, therefore in the cables and electrical and electronic components is the most commonly used material, also can be used as a building material, as well as the composition of many kinds of alloy, such as for jewelry sycee, used to produce Marine hardware and cupronickel coin and used for strain gauge and constantan thermocouple. Copper alloys have excellent mechanical properties and low electrical resistivity, the most important of which are bronze and brass. Copper is also a durable metal that can be recycled many times without damaging its mechanical properties.

Copper does not react with water but slowly reacts with oxygen in the air to form a tan layer of copper oxide, unlike the rust that forms when the iron is exposed to damp air, which protects the underlying copper from further corrosion. Copper is easily corroded by halogens, tahalides, sulfur, and selenium, and vulcanized rubber can blacken copper.

What is a copper powder used for? 

The most common use of copper is for electric wires, which are usually made of pure copper today because it is second only to silver for conducting electricity and heat, but it is much cheaper. Copper is also easy to work with, changing shape by melting, casting, and calendering to make parts for cars and electronics. These processed copper products are collectively referred to as "stretch copper products". 

And copper can be used to make a variety of alloys, copper important alloys are the following: 

Brass

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, named for its yellow color. Brass has good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and can be used to manufacture precision instruments, ship parts, gun casings, faucets, and so on. Brass sounds good when struck, so gongs, cymbals, bells, trumpets, and other Musical Instruments are made of brass. 

Nautical brass

An alloy of copper with zinc and tin, resistant to seawater, used for ship parts and balancers. 

Bronze

The alloy of copper and tin is called bronze, named for its green color. It was a common alloy in ancient times (e.g., in China's Bronze Age). Bronze generally has good corrosion resistance, wear resistance, casting ability, excellent mechanical properties, and high hardness. Used for manufacturing precision bearings, high-pressure bearings, seawater corrosion-resistant mechanical parts on ships and various plates, pipes, bars, and so on.  Bronze also has the unusual property of "thermal shrinkage and cold expansion", which is used to cast statues that expand when cooled to make the features clearer. 

Phosphor bronze

Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper, tin, and phosphorus, containing 2%-8% tin, and 2-8% phosphorus, the rest of the composition is copper. Hard, can make springs. Casting can be used for gear, worm gear, bearing, and other mechanical parts. 

Cupronickel

White copper is a copper and nickel alloy, its color and silver, silver shine, not easy to rust.  It is often used to make coins, electrical appliances, meters, and ornaments. 

18 Karat gold (18K gold or rose gold) 

An alloy of 6/24 copper and 18/24 gold. Red and yellow, hard, can be used to make jewelry, and ornaments.

What is copper nanopowder used for? 

As an alternative to more expensive metals, copper nanopowders are ideal for reducing production costs and are widely used in microelectronics processes, conductive pastes, and nanometal lubricant additives. It can be used for: 

Antifungal, antifungal, and antifungal agents 

High strength metals and alloys

High thermal conductivity material

Conductive inks and pastes for printing electronics 

Sintering additives and capacitor materials 

Lubricating oil additive

Copper Nano Powder Price

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Scientists have long thought that quantum oscillations are an indicator of the differences between metals and insulators. Electrons in metals are highly mobile and have very weak electrical resistivity. About a century ago, researchers observed that electrons shift from a "classical" state to a quantum state when exposed to magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures, causing quantum oscillations. In an insulator, by contrast, electrons can't move, and the material's resistivity is so high that no quantum oscillations occur no matter how much magnetic field strength is applied. 

But when a team at Princeton University studied a material called Tungsten Ditelluride (WTe2), they made a surprising discovery. 

Gradually scraping tungsten ditelluride down to a single atomic layer, the researchers found that the thick tungsten ditelluride material behaves like metal, but becomes a super-strong insulator when reduced to a single layer. The researchers then set out to measure the electrical resistivity of monolayer tungsten disulfide in the presence of a magnetic field. They found that the electrical resistivity of the insulator, while still large, began to oscillate as the magnetic field increased, exhibiting the most significant quantum property of metals, namely the transition into a quantum state.

The finding came as a surprise because there is no theory to explain the phenomenon.  Sanfeng Wu, an assistant professor of physics at Princeton University, has a bold hypothesis: that a new kind of quantum matter could be born out of this, and instead of electrons oscillating, a new type of particle called a "neutral fermion" could be born out of very strongly interacting electrons, with quite remarkable quantum effects.

In quantum materials, charged fermions can be negatively charged electrons or positively charged holes that conduct electricity. In other words, if the material is an electrical insulator, these charged fermions cannot move freely. But in theory, neutral particles with neither a negative nor a positive charge can exist and move around in an insulator. The results contradict all theories of charged fermions, and only neutral fermions can explain them.

If the experimental data are correct, more insulators with similar quantum properties may be discovered in the future, a new quantum world hidden in insulators. The team says more experiments are needed to see if neutral fermions exist, or to find other existing theories that could also explain them.

What is Tungsten telluride WTe2?

Tungsten telluride (WTe2) is an inorganic semi-metallic compound. 

In October 2014, tungsten ditelluride was found to exhibit extreme magnetoresistance: resistance increased by 13 million percent in a 0.5 Kelvin 60 Tesla magnetic field.  Resistance is proportional to the square of the magnetic field, without saturation. This may be because the material is the first example of compensating semi-metals, where the number of moving holes is the same as the number of electrons. Tungsten ditelluride has a layered structure similar to many other transition metal disulfides, but its layers are so twisted that the honeycomb lattices that many of them have in common are difficult to identify in WTe2. Instead, the tungsten atoms form zigzag chains and are thought to behave as one-dimensional conductors. Unlike electrons in other two-dimensional semiconductors, electrons in WTe2 can easily move between layers. 

When subjected to pressure, the reluctance effect in WTe2 decreases. Pressure reluctance above 10.5GPa disappears and the material becomes a superconductor. At 13.0GPa, the transition to superconductivity occurs below 6.5K. 

WTe2 is predicted to be a Weyl semimetal, especially in the case of type II Weyl semimetal, where Weyl nodes exist at the intersection of electrons and hole pockets. 

It has also been reported that light pulses at the terahertz frequency can switch the crystal structure of WTe2 between the rhombic and monoclinic systems by changing the atomic lattice of the material. 

Tungsten ditelluride can be stripped into thin sheets up to a single layer. It was initially predicted that monolayer WTe2 would remain a Wall semi-metal in the 1T' phase. Later transmission measurements show that below 50K, monolayer WTe2 acts like an insulator, but has an offset current independent of local electrostatic gate doping. When a contact geometry with short-circuit conduction along the edge of the device is used, this offset current disappears, suggesting that this almost quantized conduction is localized to the edge -- a behavior consistent with monolayer WTe2 as a two-dimensional topological insulator. The same measurements for two - and three-layer thick samples showed the expected semi-metallic response. Subsequent studies using other techniques were consistent with the transmission results, including studies using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and microwave impedance microscopy. It is also observed that monolayer WTe2 has superconductivity under medium doping and a critical temperature that can be adjusted by doping level.

It is also observed that two and three layers of WTe2 are polar metals with both metallic behavior and switchable electrical polarization. In theory, polarization results from vertical charge transfer between layers, which is switched by sliding between layers. 

Tungsten telluride WTe2 Powder Price

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What is Indium Selenide?

Indium Selenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula In2Se3. Black crystals or dark black scale-like substances. It is a typical two-dimensional layered semiconductor material.

Single crystal indium selenide can be prepared by the Bridgman–Stockberger method. Using a certain proportion of selenium and indium as raw materials, each compound of indium selenide can be prepared by reacting in a tube furnace at high temperature for a long time.

The research on the hydrothermal synthesis of In2Se3 was relatively late. Ascorbic acid was dissolved in ethanol solution at 60 °C, then InCl3 and Se powder were added, and the reaction kettle was kept at 220 °C for 20 hours. -4 μm flower-like γ-In2Se3 spheres.

What is indium selenide used for

InSe is a bandgap-tunable layered semiconductor material with nonlinear optical response over a wide wavelength range. The researchers obtained InSe nanosheets with suitable thickness and band gap by a liquid-phase exfoliation method, and systematically investigated their nonlinear optics and ultrafast carrier dynamics at different pulse width scales (ns and fs).

The researchers found that InSe nanosheets are more likely to reach saturable absorption under wide-pulse laser excitation. Furthermore, the InSe dispersions exhibit different mechanisms of scattering phenomena at different pulse durations, which are due to the thermal effect under ns-pulse excitation and the dynamic spatial self-phase modulation of the laser flow under fs-pulse excitation. 

At the same time, the optical switch modulation is realized by utilizing the competitive relationship between saturable absorption at low energy and nonlinear scattering at high energy. The time-resolved pump-probe results indicate that the InSe dispersion has an ultrafast saturable absorption process and a photoinduced absorption process that may be caused by free carrier absorption or bandgap renormalization.

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