Graphite can be divided into two categories: natural graphite and artificial graphite.

Natural graphite

Natural graphite comes from graphite mineral deposits. It can be divided into flake graphite, earthy graphite, and massive graphite.

Bulk graphite

Also known as dense crystalline graphite. The crystal of this kind of graphite is obvious and visible to the naked eye. The diameter of the particles is more than 0.1mm, the specific surface area ranges from 0.1-1m/g, and the crystals are arranged disorderly, showing a dense block structure. This kind of graphite is characterized by high grade, with a carbon content of 60%-65%, sometimes up to 80%-98%, but its plasticity and slippery property are not as good as flake graphite.

Massive graphite is the rarest and most valuable graphite ore, mainly found in Sri Lanka.

Flake graphite

Flake graphite is formed by the combination of many single-layer graphite, which exists as a single flake in metamorphic rocks, with few reserves, high value and flake-like crystals, which are metamorphic under high pressure and can be divided into large scales and fine scales. This kind of graphite ore is characterized by low grade, generally between 2%-3% or 10%-25%. It is one of the most floatable ores in nature. High grade graphite concentrate can be obtained by grinding and dressing. The floatability, lubricity and plasticity of this kind of graphite are superior to other types of graphite, so it has the greatest industrial value.

Flake graphite is mainly distributed in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany and Madagascar.

Earthy graphite

Also known as cryptocrystalline graphite, microcrystalline graphite. The crystal diameter of this kind of graphite is generally less than 1 micron, and the specific surface area is concentrated in 1-5m/g. It is an aggregate of microcrystalline graphite, and the crystal form can only be seen under electron microscope. This kind of graphite is characterized by its earthy surface, lack of luster, and its lubricity is slightly worse than that of flake graphite. The purity is high. In general, 60%-85%, a few as high as more than 90%. It is generally used in the foundry industry. With the improvement of graphite purification technology, earthy graphite is used more and more widely.

Earthy graphite is the one with the largest reserves, with small scales and low crystallinity, which is used to produce low-value products and is the cheapest of the three kinds of graphite; earthy graphite is mainly found in Turkey, China, Europe, Mexico and the United States.

Summary

The graphite obtained by natural mining contains a lot of impurities, so it needs mineral processing to reduce its impurity content before it can be used. The main use of natural graphite is to produce refractories, brushes, flexible graphite products, lubricants, lithium-ion battery anode materials, etc., and some carbon products are sometimes added with a certain amount of natural graphite.

Artificial graphite

Artificial graphite includes single crystal graphite, polycrystalline graphite, pyrolytic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite synthesized by polyimide, graphite fiber and so on. Most artificial graphite products belong to the category of polycrystalline graphite.

Artificial graphite products are generally made of easily graphitized petroleum coke and asphalt coke through a series of processes such as batching, kneading, molding, roasting, graphitization (high temperature heat treatment) and mechanical processing, with a production cycle of tens of days.

Artificial graphite can be used in electric arc steelmaking furnace and mine thermal electric furnace. Graphite electrode is a kind of conductive material with high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. Artificial graphite is also widely used in many other industrial sectors, such as electric brushes for motors, precision casting moulds, EDM moulds and wear-resistant components in the mechanical industry, conductors or corrosion-resistant materials used in electrolytic cells in the chemical industry, high-purity and high-strength artificial graphite is a reactor structural material in the nuclear industry and components used as missiles and rockets.

Graphite Powder Price

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What is natural flake graphite?

Flake graphite is a natural crystalline graphite, which is shaped like fish phosphorus, belongs to the hexagonal crystal system, and has a layered structure. It has good high temperature resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, lubrication, plasticity and acid and alkali resistance. Flake graphite is a natural solid lubricant with a layered structure, which is abundant in resources and cheap.

Natural flake graphite is formed when carbon materials are subjected to high pressure and high temperature. Carbon source materials can be organic or inorganic, although most commercial sources of flake graphite come from organic deposits.

What is natural graphite used for?

Graphite flakes are widely used in advanced refractories and coatings in the metallurgical industry. Such as magnesia carbon bricks, crucibles, etc.

Pyrotechnic material stabilizer in military industry, desulfurization accelerator in smelting industry, pencil lead in light industry, carbon brush in electrical industry, electrode in battery industry, catalyst in fertilizer industry, etc.

After in-depth processing of flake graphite, graphite milk can be produced, which is used in lubricants, mold release agents, wire drawing agents, conductive coatings, etc. It can also produce expanded graphite, which is used as raw material for flexible graphite products, such as flexible graphite seals and flexible graphite composite products.

Natural graphite is mainly used in refractories, batteries, steelmaking, expanded graphite, brake pads, casting surfaces and lubricants.

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What is Zirconium Diboride ZrB2?

Zirconium boride includes zirconium monobboride, zirconium diboride, and zirconium lauraboride. Only zirconium diboride is stable over a wide temperature range. 

Zirconium diboride with the molecular formula ZrB2 is hexagonal, gray crystal or powder. 

Physicochemical Properties of Zirconium Diboride ZrB2

Its relative density is 5.8 and the melting point is 3040℃. High-temperature resistant, it has high strength at both room temperature and high temperature. Good thermal shock resistance, low resistance, oxidation resistance at high temperature. Metallic luster. 

Zirconium diboride has a very high melting point, strength, hardness, and conductivity (with positive conductivity and temperature coefficient), as well as a low coefficient of thermal expansion, good electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. 

What is Zirconium Diboride ZrB2 Used For?

Zirconium boride powder has the properties of low density, high melting point, high hardness, high specific strength, high specific stiffness, good thermal conductivity, excellent electrical conductivity, excellent ablative resistance, and oxidation resistance.  Zirconium boride powder has been widely used in the fields of aerospace, military manufacturing, metallurgy, mining, and mechanical processing.

It is generally used as composite materials for cutting tool electrical and electronic material components. It can also be used as aerospace high-temperature-resistant materials, wear-resistant smooth solid materials, cutting tools, thermocouple protection tubes, and electrode materials for electrolysis of molten compounds. Especially suitable for use as the surface of rolling bearings. 

Zirconium Diboride ZrB2 Ceramics

Zirconium boride ceramics is a kind of ceramics with zirconium and boron compounds as the main components.

Zirconium diboride powder was synthesized from zirconium dioxide, tetraboron carbide, carbon black, and boron oxide in a carbon tube furnace at the temperature of 2000-2100℃. The ceramic products are then formed by conventional ceramic processing methods (or static forming) in a hydrogen atmosphere at 2050℃.

Zirconium boride ceramics have good high-temperature resistance, electrical and thermal conductivity, high hardness, and chemical stability.

They are mainly used for high-temperature thermocouple protection sleeves, heating elements, rocket nozzle, high-temperature heating elements, metal thermocouple electrodes, smelting aluminum, calcium, magnesium, lead, tin, and other metals and silicon crucible, mold, etc.

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Zirconium nitride (ZrN) is an inorganic compound. Golden crystal powder. The density is 7.09. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in inorganic acids, soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and aqua regia. High decomposition temperature, good chemical stability, good high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance.

ZrN grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a kind of light gold similar to elemental gold. The room temperature resistivity of ZrN is 12.0μΩcm, the temperature coefficient of resistivity is 5.610^-8Ωcm/K, the superconducting transition temperature is 10.4K, and the relaxation lattice parameter is 0.4575nm. The hardness and elastic modulus of single crystal ZrN are 22.7 ±1.7GPa and 450GPa respectively.

Zirconium nitride has excellent corrosion resistance, high hardness, good lubricity and ductility. These properties also make it an attractive coating material.

What is Zirconium Nitride ZrN Used For?

Zirconium nitride is a kind of hard ceramic material similar to titanium nitride and a kind of cement refractory. Therefore, it is used in refractories, cermets and laboratory crucibles. When using the physical vapor deposition coating process, it is commonly used to coat medical equipment, industrial components (especially drills), automotive and aerospace components, and other components that are vulnerable to high wear and corrosion environments. When alloyed with Al, the electronic structure changes from local octahedral bond symmetry of cubic ZrN to distortion to increase Al content, resulting in more complex bonding and higher hardness.

Zirconium nitride is proposed to be used as hydrogen peroxide fuel tank lining for rockets and aircraft.

What is ZrN Coating?

Zirconium nitride is the most biocompatible ceramic hard nitride. Zirconium nitride is tougher, harder and provides more lubricity than titanium nitride. It is widely used in cutting applications where other coatings fail.

ZrN coating is mainly used for cutting tools, such as various cutting tools, saws, drills, etc. The coating forms a thin and very hard layer of ceramic material on the surface. In fact, the coating is only about 5 microns thick. However, such a thin layer is enough to increase the life of the tool by three to five times.

ZrN coating makes tool cleaning easier. In addition to improving the durability of the tool, this coating also makes the tool easier to clean. The surface becomes smoother and the material does not stick to the tool like an uncoated tool.

This coating makes the surface smoother, harder, and increases lubricity, thereby improving the performance of the tool and reducing friction. As a result, people can spend less effort to get higher performance from cutting tools.

Zirconium Nitride ZrN Powder Price

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When it comes to display technology, in addition to the traditional LCD and LED liquid crystal display screen, OLED (organic light emitting diode) display technology has become a new mainstream.

OLED technology refers to the phenomenon of luminescence caused by carrier injection and recombination of organic semiconductor materials and light-emitting materials driven by electric field. As a solid-state self-illumination technology, OLED does not need to use the combination of LCD and LED backlight before, so it can make the TV thickness very thin, wider visual angle, lower power consumption, richer colors, and can be produced on different flexible substrate materials such as plastic, resin, etc., to achieve soft screen, so it is more and more popular by consumers.

In the manufacturing process of OLED, "evaporation" is both the essence and the difficulty. It means that in high vacuum, the material to be evaporated is heated by resistance or electron beam, and the OLED material is heated by crucible in the vacuum cavity to make the atoms evaporate and reach and attach to the surface of the substrate.

In OLED, in addition to luminous materials, even metal electrodes are steamed in this way, so the quality of the crucible directly affects the yield of the OLED process. If the unsuitable crucible is selected, the material in the crucible will not be evaporated completely, which cannot reach the boiling point required by the equipment, and cannot be attached to the surface of the substrate, resulting in the ineffective application of the evaporation material, the poor yield of the process and the burden of raw material cost.

Material of Crucibles For OLED Evaporation

The commonly used supports include W, Mo, Ta, high temperature resistant metal oxides, ceramic or graphite crucibles, etc., but it should also be noted that there may be reactions between the supporting materials and evaporation. At present, the OLED evaporation materials are mainly organic and metal, and the crucibles of the following three materials can be used.

Tantalum (Ta):

Tantalum is a kind of hard blue-gray rare transition metal. It has high ductility and high chemical stability. It does not react with other compounds and its melting point is as high as 2996 °C. it mainly exists in tantalite. Tantalum is of moderate hardness and malleable and can be drawn into thin wire foil. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is very small. Tantalum has excellent chemical properties and high corrosion resistance. It does not react to hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and "aqua regia" under both cold and hot conditions.

Tantalum can be used to make evaporating utensils, as well as electrodes, rectifiers and electrolytic capacitors of electronic tubes. it is often used as a secondary component of alloys and is medically used to make thin sheets or threads to repair damaged tissue. The corrosion resistance of tantalum mainly comes from the stable tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) protective film formed on its surface, which can resist oxidation very well, so it can be used as crucible material for vacuum evaporation parts. Tantalum is needed for many corrosion-resistant parts.

Graphite

Graphite is a kind of crystalline carbon. The colors are dark black, iron ink to dark gray. The melting point is 3652℃ and the boiling point is 4827℃. It is soft, smooth, conductive and inactive in chemical properties, and is not easy to react with acid and alkali, so it is often used to make crucibles, which is the most suitable crucible for melting of many kinds and small quantities of alloys. because of its good high temperature performance and long service life, it is used in large-scale alloy smelting casting process and ore melting analysis. At the same time, the graphite crucible has good anti-permeability of liquid and gas, can withstand high temperature and restrain the production of dust.

However, because the graphite crucible is basically under the condition of high temperature when it is used, and there is a lot of air around it, it is easy to be oxidized. Moreover, in the smelting, casting and melting process, the graphite crucible will be seriously corroded and its service life will be reduced. In order to improve the service life of the graphite crucible, silicon carbide and other materials can be added to the graphite crucible to enhance its corrosion resistance.

Pyrolytic Boron Nitride (PBN)

Pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN) is an advanced hexagonal ceramic material with ivory white, non-toxic and purity of 99.999%. Acid and alkali resistance, anti-oxidation, good thermal conductivity, good surface density, high temperature resistance, no pores, easy processing. It is made by chemical vapor deposition method using boron-containing gas (BCl3 or B2H6) as raw material under the condition of high temperature and high vacuum. However, BCl3 is mostly used as raw material because B2H6 is highly toxic. The boron-containing gas was pyrolyzed (1500-1800℃) and reacted with NH3 in a high temperature reaction chamber to form boron nitride solid.

The growth process of PBN material is similar to "falling snow", that is, the hexagonal BN snowflakes grown in the reaction are constantly piled on the heated graphite matrix (mandrel). With the extension of time, the accumulation layer thickens, that is, the shell of PBN is formed, and the demoulding is an independent and pure PBN part, and the PBN coating is left on it. The same method can also be used to prepare PBN plates.

The high purity of PBN crucible is because its preparation process does not need to add any sintering agent, so the service temperature is as high as 1800℃ in vacuum and up to 2100℃ in atmosphere protection (usually with nitrogen or argon). At present, it is most widely used in evaporation / molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) / GaAs crystal and other applications. However, due to the slow deposition rate, PBN crucibles are very expensive, mostly small size crucibles.

How to Choose?

Different evaporation materials can be matched with different crucibles, because to heat up to the boiling point required by the material, not all crucibles of each material can match. Therefore, it has to be tailor-made according to the characteristics of the material in order to achieve the purpose of full evaporation of the material.

In addition, the density and thermal conductivity of the crucible material are also determined according to the actual production conditions. Therefore, crucibles for OLED evaporation generally need to be customized in order to achieve good results.

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The most corrosion-resistant metal

Tantalum has excellent chemical properties and high corrosion resistance, and does not react to hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and "aqua regia", whether under hot or cold conditions.

Tantalum will not be corroded by concentrated sulfuric acid below 150℃, but only above this temperature. In 175℃ concentrated sulfuric acid for one year, the corroded thickness is 0.0004 mm. If tantalum is immersed in 200℃ sulfuric acid for one year, the surface layer is only damaged by 0.006 mm. The corrosion rate increases at 250℃, and the corrosion thickness is 0.116 mm per year. At 300℃, the corrosion rate is even faster, and the surface is corroded by 1.368 mm after soaking for one year. The corrosion rate in fuming sulfuric acid (containing 15% SO) is more serious than that in concentrated sulfuric acid, and the corrosion thickness of the surface is 15.6mm when soaked in the solution at 130℃ for 1 year.

Tantalum can also be corroded by phosphoric acid at high temperature, but the reaction generally occurs above 150℃. When soaked in 85% phosphoric acid at 250℃ for one year, the surface is corroded by 20 mm. In addition, tantalum can be rapidly dissolved in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. It can also be dissolved in hydrofluoric acid. But tantalum is more afraid of strong alkali. In caustic soda solution of 40% concentration at 110℃, tantalum will be dissolved quickly in potassium hydroxide solution of the same concentration, as long as 100℃.

In addition, general inorganic salts generally cannot corrode tantalum below 150℃. The experimental results show that tantalum has no effect on alkali solution, chlorine, bromine water, dilute sulfuric acid and many other agents at room temperature, but only under the action of hydrofluoric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Such a situation is relatively rare in metals.

The substance with the highest melting point

Tantalum-hafnium carbide alloy actually refers to tetratantalum-hafnium carbide compound, which has the highest melting point among the known compounds.

It can be considered to be composed of two binary compounds, tantalum carbide (melting point 3983 oC) and hafnium carbide (melting point 3928oC). The melting point is as high as 4215℃.

What is Tantalum Used For?

Tantalum is one of the rare metal mineral resources, and it is an indispensable strategic raw material for the development of electronic industry and space technology.

Tantalum and niobium have similar physical and chemical properties, so they co-exist in natural minerals. Whether it is tantalum ore or niobium ore depends on the content of tantalum and niobium in the mineral. It is called niobium ore when niobium content is high, and tantalum ore when tantalum content is high.

Tantalum is mainly used in the production of electronic components and alloys. The occurrence form and chemical composition of tantalum and niobium minerals are complex, in addition to tantalum and niobium, they often contain rare earth metals, titanium, zirconium, tungsten, uranium, thorium and tin. The waste residue of tin smelting contains tantalum, which is also an important resource of tantalum. It has been identified that the world's tantalum reserves (in terms of tantalum) is about 134000 short tons, with Zaire in the first place.

Capacitors are the main final consumption area of tantalum, accounting for about 60% of the total consumption. The United States is the country with the largest consumption of tantalum, with consumption reaching 500 tons in 1997, of which 60% is used in the production of tantalum capacitors. Japan is the second largest consumer of tantalum, with a consumption of 334 tons.

At the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of capacitor production, the market is in short supply. It is estimated that the world's production of tantalum capacitors will reach 250 million pieces, requiring consumption of 1000 tons of tantalum. According to the statistics of the US Geological Survey, the natural reserves of tantalum in the earth's crust are 150000 tons, and the recoverable reserves are more than 43000 tons. In 2004, the world's tantalum mining volume was 1510 tons, of which Australia 730tons, Mozambique 280tons, Brazil 250tons, Canada 69 tons and Congo 60 tons.

There are a lot of tantalum resources associated with the rich niobium deposits in the world. Among them, the tantalum resources of the Gadar niobium and tantalum mine in southern Greenland reached 1 million tons. Second, the west has begun to use large amounts of tin slag containing less than 3 per cent of Ta2O5.

In addition, the research and utilization of its substitutes have also developed rapidly, such as aluminum and ceramics, which could replace tantalum in the field of capacitors; or silicon, germanium, cesium in the use of electronic instruments to make rectifiers.

Tantalum Carbide TaC Powder Price

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What are single walled CNT and multi walled CNT?

Carbon nanotubes are another allotrope of carbon discovered after C60. Its radial size is small, the outer diameter of the tube is generally several nanometers to tens of nanometers, and the inner diameter of the tube is even smaller, and some are only about 1nm; Its length is generally in the micron level, and the length-to-diameter ratio is very large, up to 103 to 106. Therefore, carbon nanotubes are considered as a typical one-dimensional nanomaterial.

Carbon nanotubes can be regarded as rolled graphene sheets, so according to the number of graphene sheets, they can be divided into: single-walled carbon nanotubes (or single-walled carbon nanotubes, Single-walled Carbon nanotubes, SWCNTs) and Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs), when multi-walled tubes begin to form, it is easy to become trap centers between layers to capture various defects, so multi-walled carbon nanotubes The wall of the tube is usually covered with small hole-like defects.

Compared with multi-wall tubes, single-wall tubes have a smaller distribution range of diameters, fewer defects, and higher uniformity. The typical diameter of the single-walled tube is 0.6-2nm, the innermost layer of the multi-walled tube can reach 0.4nm, and the thickest can reach hundreds of nanometers, but the typical diameter is 2-100nm.

(2-6) The carbon nanotubes whose wall structure is composed of a single graphite sheet closed into a tubular shape are called single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), and the carbon nanotubes whose wall structure is composed of a plurality of graphite sheets each closed into a tubular shape and nested are called single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). One over the other is called a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)

What is the difference between single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes?

SWNTs are made by rolling graphene sheets into seamless cylinders. MWNTs consist of the concentration of carbon nanotubes. SWNTs require optimization of experimental parameters for synthesis. MWNTs are easy to synthesize.

What are multi-walled carbon nanotubes used for?

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are being considered for energy production and storage. Graphite, carbonaceous materials, and carbon fiber electrodes have been used for decades in fuel cells, batteries, and several other electrochemical applications.

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Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is considered as the most promising alternative to silicon because of its unique monolayer atomic structure and excellent optoelectronic properties, and become one of the ideal materials used in high-tech fields such as semiconductors, transistors and chips in the future.

The research team of EPFL used molybdenum disulfide to develop a new type of computer chip called "brain-like neuron transmission", which has the ability to process and store information in the same circuit, which provides a new idea for computer equipment to achieve miniaturization, high efficiency and energy saving.

Molybdenum disulfide is a transition metal chalcogenide two-dimensional material (TMDC) with graphene-like layered structure and direct band gap semiconductors that graphene does not have. Molybdenum disulfide is made by stacking three atomic plane layers (S-Mo-S). It has large specific surface area, high electron transfer rate, anti-magnetic radiation, low consumption and environmental protection, energy saving and efficiency, high stability, and can realize large-scale production. It is an ideal material for optics and electronic equipment.

For the first time, EPFL researchers have successfully applied the two-dimensional material molybdenum disulfide to chips that integrate data storage and logical operations, which will subvert the traditional computer mode in which data is processed by the central processing unit (CPU) and then transferred to the hard disk. The relevant results are posted on Nature.

The new chips are based on floating gate field effect transistors (FGFET) and are commonly used in flash memory systems for cameras, mobile phones or computer devices. These transistors can retain charge for a long time, and molybdenum disulfide with only three atomic layers can not only further reduce the volume of electronic equipment, but also have strong sensitivity to the charge stored in the transistor. Therefore, logic operation and data storage functions can be realized at the same time.

Molybdenum disulfide not only has great application potential in the field of optoelectronics such as semiconductors and nanotransistors, but also can be used as lubricant, antioxidant, catalyst and so on. It is widely used in aviation, automobile, mining, shipbuilding, bearing and other industrial fields.

MoS2 Powder Price

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